Tables
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Table 1—
Prevalence of selected health outcomes at 4 yrs of age in the full cohort and of sensitisation to specific allergens based on immunoglobulin(Ig)E measurement in a cohort subset
Variable Subjects Prevalence % Wheeze 429 (3528) 12.2 Doctor-diagnosed asthma 144 (3533) 4.1 Dry cough at night with/without cold 782 (3537) 22.1 Doctor-diagnosed bronchitis 214 (3501) 6.1 Itchy rash 906 (3537) 25.6 Doctor-diagnosed eczema 503 (3518) 14.3 Ear/nose/throat infections 1047 (3549) 29.5 Doctor-diagnosed flu, serious cold 760 (3521) 21.6 任何积极的sp搞笑E 277 (713) 3.8.8 Any indoor positive sp IgE 118 (713) 16.5 Cat allergen positive 44 (708) 6.2 Dog allergen positive 26 (706) 3..7 Dust mite allergen positive 101 (713) 14.2 Any outdoor positive sp IgE 57 (698) 8.2 Dactylium positive 47 (698) 6.7 Birch positive 16 (696) 2.3 Alternaria positive 11 (680) 1.7 Any food positive sp IgE 194 (689) 28.1 Milk allergen positive 182 (689) 26.4 Egg allergen positive 51 (681) 7.5 Total IgE >100 IU·mL−1 186 (713) 26.1 Data for subjects are presented as number presenting with symptom, condition or positive IgE reaction to a specific allergen; with the total number of subjects, evaluated based on completion of a questionnaire at 4 yrs and allergy testing where applicable, given in parentheses. sp: Specific serum. All outcomes refer to incidence or diagnoses within the previous 12 months, the period between 3–4 yrs of age (see online supplementary material).
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Table 2—
Cumulative incidence of selected health outcomes in the full cohort at 4 yrs of age.
Variable Subjects Cumulative incidence % Wheeze ever# 960 (3530) 27.2 Doctor-diagnosed asthma ever# 258 (3534) 7.3 Possible asthma 52 (3549) 1.5 Probable asthma 516 (3549) 14.5 Possible or probable asthma 568 (3549) 16.0 Early wheeze 843 (3872) 21.8 Late wheeze 72 (3872) 1.9 Persistent wheeze 3.3.3.(3872) 8.6 Early frequent wheeze 3.53 (3872) 9.1 Late frequent wheeze 47 (3872) 1.2 Persistent frequent wheeze 58 (3872) 3..0 Doctor-diagnosed bronchitis ever# 628 (3481) 18.0 Doctor-diagnosed eczema ever# 974 (3470) 28.1 Itchy rash/eczema 1438 (3873) 3.7.1 Allergic# 106 (3542) 3..0 Data for subjects are presented as number presenting with symptom or condition (total number of subjects evaluated). The outcome is based upon all questionnaires (see online supplementary material).#: Outcomes refer to cumulative incidence or diagnoses within the first 4 yrs of life based on the questionnaire at 4 yrs.
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表3 -
Prevalence of selected potential confounders in the cohort.
Variable Subjects Prevalence % Collected during pregnancy Mother smoking during pregnancy 583 (4079) 14 Allergic mother 1281 (4114) 3.1 Intervention study 855 (4146) 21 Natural history study 3.291 (4146) 79 Allergen-free mattress cover 416 (4146) 10 Residence North region of country 1275 (4146) 3.1 Middle region of country 1647 (4146) 40 West region of country 1224 (4146) 29 Collected at 3 months old Male 2035 (3934) 52 Female 1899 (3934) 48 Smoking in home 1121 (3903) 29 Allergic father 1172 (4051) 29 Gas stove 3.236 (3911) 83 Unvented gas water heater 192 (3760) 5 Any pets in home 2011 (3905) 51 Any other siblings 1986 (3919) 51 Any breastfeeding at 3 months 1827 (3883) 47 Collected at age 1 yr Any mold in home 1215 (3704) 3.3. Mother ≥High school education 1966 (3709) 53 ≤Medium level professional education 1743 (3709) 47 Father ≥High school education 1730 (3546) 49 ≤Medium level professional education 1816 (3546) 51 Collected at age 2 yrs Netherlands ethnicity 3.478 (3690) 94 Other ethnicity 212 (3690) 6 Collected at age 4 yrs Smoking in home 847 (3532) 24 Gas stove 2545 (3218) 79 Unvented gas water heater 102 (3312) 3. Any other siblings 2972 (3495) 85 Any mold in home# 1297 (3523) 3.7 Any pets in home¶ 1864 (3456) 54 Data for subjects are presented as number with the characteristic (total number of subjects evaluated).#: Includes presence of mould, water damage and visible moisture in any of four specified rooms;¶: refers to cats, dogs, rodents or birds. Prevalence of pets, gas water heater and gas stove at 4 yrs may not be completely accurate due to incomplete data (questions are asked only for cases in which there was a change since the previous year's questionnaire), which leads to a slight increase in missing values.
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Table 4—
Summary statistics of estimated annual average air pollution concentrations for the home(birth) addresses of the full cohort
PM2.5μg·m−3 Soot/filter absorbance·10−5m−1 NO2μg·m−3 Minimum 13.5 0.77 12.6 10th percentile 14.0 1.15 14.7 25th percentile 14.8 1.33 18.2 50th percentile 17.3 1.78 26.0 Mean 16.9 1.71 25.2 75th percentile 18.1 1.91 28.8 90th percentile 19.0 2.16 3.4.4 Maximum 25.2 3..68 58.4 Data include the subjects for whom the questionnaire at 4 yrs was completed and estimated exposures were available, n = 3,532. PM2.5: particles of 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.
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Table 5—
Association between exposure to air pollution and infections, asthmatic and allergic symptoms at 4 yrs of age for the full cohort based on recent and early-life risk factors
OR (95% CI) Unadjusted Subjects n Adjusted# Subjects n Adjusted-early life¶ Subjects n Wheeze PM2.5 1.20 (1.02–1.42)* 3.522 1.23 (1.00–1.51)* 2577 1.20 (0.99–1.46) 2825 Soot 1.19 (1.03–1.38)* 3.522 1.18 (0.98–1.41) 2577 1.18 (1.00–1.40)* 2825 NO2 1.14 (0.99–1.31) 3.522 1.13 (0.95–1.34) 2577 1.16 (0.98–1.36) 2825 Doctor-diagnosed asthma PM2.5 1.21 (0.92–1.60) 3.527 1.15 (0.82–1.62) 2575 1.32 (0.96–1.83) 2826 Soot 1.23 (0.97–1.56) 3.527 1.15 (0.85–1.55) 2575 1.30 (0.98–1.71) 2826 NO2 1.20 (0.96–1.51) 3.527 1.12 (0.84–1.49) 2575 1.29 (0.99–1.69) 2826 Dry cough at night PM2.5 1.19 (1.04–1.36)* 3.531 1.11 (0.94–1.31) 2578 1.14 (0.98–1.33) 2830 Soot 1.19 (1.06–1.34)* 3.531 1.13 (0.97–1.30) 2578 1.14 (1.00–1.31)* 2830 NO2 1.17 (1.05–1.30)* 3.531 1.11 (0.97–1.28) 2578 1.11 (0.97–1.26) 2830 Doctor-diagnosed bronchitis PM2.5 0.96 (0.77–1.21) 3.496 0.88 (0.66–1.18) 2559 0.86 (0.66–1.11) 2807 Soot 0.98 (0.80–1.20) 3.496 0.90 (0.69–1.16) 2559 0.88 (0.69–1.11) 2807 NO2 0.97 (0.80–1.17) 3.496 0.90 (0.70–1.15) 2559 0.89 (0.71–1.12) 2807 Ear/nose/throat infections PM2.5 1.11 (0.98–1.25) 3.543 1.13 (0.98–1.31) 2587 1.17 (1.02–1.34)* 2839 Soot 1.12 (1.00–1.24)* 3.543 1.15 (1.01–1.31)* 2587 1.16 (1.03–1.31)* 2839 NO2 1.13 (1.03–1.25)* 3.543 1.17 (1.03–1.32)* 2587 1.18 (1.05–1.32)* 2839 Doctor-diagnosed flu/serious cold PM2.5 1.17 (1.02–1.33)* 3.515 1.21 (1.02–1.42)* 2572 1.25 (1.07–1.46)* 2820 Soot 1.16 (1.03–1.30)* 3.515 1.18 (1.02–1.36)* 2572 1.19 (1.04–1.37)* 2820 NO2 1.13 (1.01–1.27)* 3.515 1.14 (1.00–1.31) 2572 1.17 (1.02–1.33)* 2820 Itchy rash PM2.5 1.07 (0.95–1.22) 3.531 0.96 (0.82–1.11) 2582 0.98 (0.85–1.14) 2832 Soot 1.06 (0.95–1.18) 3.531 0.94 (0.82–1.08) 2582 0.97 (0.85–1.10) 2832 NO2 1.05 (0.95–1.17) 3.531 0.95 (0.83–1.08) 2582 0.97 (0.86–1.10) 2832 Doctor-diagnosed eczema PM2.5 1.10 (0.97–1.25) 3.464 1.00 (0.83–1.21) 2571 0.98 (0.82–1.17) 2819 Soot 1.09 (0.98–1.22) 3.464 0.99 (0.84–1.17) 2571 0.97 (0.83–1.14) 2819 NO2 1.06 (0.95–1.17) 3.464 1.00 (0.85–1.17) 2571 0.97 (0.83–1.14) 2819 OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PM2.5: particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#: Adjusted for confounders in table 3⇑and mothers' age at time of birth, but not region;¶: adjusted for confounders in table 3⇑from earliest year available (instead of at 4 yrs)i.e.在家里吸烟,煤气炉,未放气的气水heater, any other siblings and any mould or pets in home. ORs are calculated for an interquartile range increase in annual average concentration at birth address. *: Significant association, p<0.05.
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Table 6—
Association between long-term exposure to air pollution and allergen sensitivity at 4 yrs of age for subset of cohort with blood samples, based on early-life risk factors
OR (95% CI) Unadjusted Subjects n Adjusted# Subjects n Any allergen positive PM2.5 1.46 (1.13–1.88)* 704 1.55 (1.13–2.11)* 502 Soot 1.37 (1.09–1.71)* 704 1.45 (1.11–1.91)* 502 NO2 1.27 (1.03–1.55)* 704 1.32 (1.03–1.70)* 502 Any indoor allergen positive PM2.5 1.14 (0.82–1.57) 732 1.03 (0.69–1.55) 524 Soot 1.12 (0.85–1.49) 732 1.02 (0.71–1.46) 524 NO2 1.01 (0.78–1.32) 732 0.97 (0.69–1.36) 524 Any outdoor allergen positive PM2.5 0.92 (0.59–1.44) 685 0.93 (0.54–1.58) 488 Soot 0.91 (0.62–1.36) 685 0.95 (0.59–1.52) 488 NO2 0.94 (0.66 - -1.36) 685 0.92 (0.59–1.43) 488 Any food allergen positive PM2.5 1.59 (1.20–2.11)* 708 1.75 (1.23–2.47)* 506 Soot 1.50 (1.18–1.92)* 708 1.64 (1.21–2.23)* 506 NO2 1.41 (1.13–1.76)* 708 1.49 (1.13–1.97)* 506 Total IgE >100 IU·mL−1 PM2.5 0.99 (0.75–1.30) 738 0.84 (0.59–1.18) 529 Soot 0.95 (0.75–1.21) 738 0.80 (0.59–1.09) 529 NO2 0.97 (0.77–1.21) 738 0.81 (0.60–1.09) 529 OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PM2.5: particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; Ig: immunoglobulin.#:调整混杂因素如表3所示from earliest year available (instead of at 4 yrs)i.e.在家里吸烟,煤气炉,未放气的气水heater, any other siblings and any mould or pets in home and mothers' age at time of birth, but not region. ORs are calculated for an interquartile range increase in annual average concentration at birth address. *: Significant association, p<0.05.
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Table 7—
Association between exposure to air pollution and cumulative lifetime indicators of asthma and allergy status symptoms at 4 yrs of age for full cohort members with estimated exposures and completed yr-4 questionnaire, based on early-life risk factors
OR (95% CI) Unadjusted Subjects n Adjusted# Subjects n Wheeze-ever PM2.5 1.15 (1.02–1.31)* 3.524 1.22 (1.06–1.41)* 2575 Soot 1.13 (1.02–1.26)* 3.524 1.18 (1.04–1.34)* 2575 NO2 1.11 (1.00–1.23)* 3.524 1.19 (1.05–1.34)* 2575 Doctor-diagnosed asthma ever PM2.5 1.17 (0.95–1.45) 3.528 1.32 (1.04–1.69)* 2575 Soot 1.16 (0.96–1.39) 3.528 1.26 (1.02–1.56)* 2575 NO2 1.16 (0.98–1.38) 3.528 1.28 (1.04–1.56)* 2575 Probable asthma PM2.5 1.18 (1.01–1.38)* 3.543 1.08 (0.90–1.30) 2588 Soot 1.16 (1.01–1.33)* 3.543 1.06 (0.90–1.24) 2588 NO2 1.12 (0.98–1.27) 3.543 1.04 (0.89–1.22) 2588 Early wheeze PM2.5 1.05 (0.92–1.19) 3.863 1.16 (1.00–1.34)* 2588 Soot 1.02 (0.91–1.14) 3.863 1.11 (0.97–1.26) 2588 NO2 1.03 (0.93–1.15) 3.863 1.13 (1.00–1.28)* 2588 Persistent wheeze PM2.5 1.19 (0.99–1.43) 3.863 1.19 (0.96–1.48) 2588 Soot 1.17 (1.00–1.38)* 3.863 1.18 (0.98–1.42) 2588 NO2 1.10 (0.94–1.28) 3.863 1.13 (0.94–1.35) 2588 Early frequent wheeze PM2.5 1.15 (0.96–1.39) 3.863 1.19 (0.96–1.47) 2588 Soot 1.12 (0.95–1.31) 3.863 1.14 (0.95–1.37) 2588 NO2 1.09 (0.94–1.27) 3.863 1.14 (0.95–1.36) 2588 Doctor-diagnosed bronchitis ever PM2.5 0.99 (0.86–1.14) 3.475 0.96 (0.81–1.13) 2543 Soot 0.99 (0.87–1.12) 3.475 0.95 (0.82–1.10) 2543 NO2 0.96 (0.85–1.08) 3.475 0.94 (0.82–1.08) 2543 Itchy rash/eczema PM2.5 1.04 (0.93–1.16) 3.864 0.99 (0.88–1.13) 2588 Soot 1.03 (0.94–1.14) 3.864 0.99 (0.89–1.11) 2588 NO2 1.01 (0.93–1.11) 3.864 0.98 (0.88–1.09) 2588 Doctor-diagnosed eczema ever PM2.5 1.10 (0.97–1.25) 3.464 0.98 (0.85–1.13) 2536 Soot 1.09 (0.98–1.22) 3.464 0.99 (0.87–1.12) 2536 NO2 1.06 (0.95–1.17) 3.464 0.97 (0.86–1.10) 2536 OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; PM2.5: particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 μm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#:调整混杂因素如表3所示⇑from earliest year available (instead of at 4 yrs)i.e.在家里吸烟,煤气炉,未放气的气水heater, any other siblings and any mould or pets in home and mothers' age at time of birth but not region. ORs are calculated for an interquartile range increase in annual average concentration at birth address. *: Siginificant association, p<0.05.
Additional Files
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Appendices
Appendices � health outcomes
Files in this Data Supplement: