摘要
背景重症监护病房(ICU)需要机械通气的急性低氧性呼吸衰竭患者的发生率和结局尚不清楚,特别是不符合急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)标准的患者。
方法2014年冬季,在50个国家的459个ICU(肺安全)进行了一项针对机械通气早期出现低氧血症患者的国际多中心前瞻性队列研究。入选患者的动脉氧张力/吸入氧分数比率≤300 mmHg,新的肺浸润,需要呼气末正压的机械通气≥5. cmH2.测量ICU患病率、低氧血症原因、医院生存和医院死亡率相关因素。患者单方面对对双侧浊度进行比较。
调查结果12 906名危重患者接受机械通气,34.9%的患者出现低氧血症和新的浸润,分为ARDS(69.0%)、单侧浸润(22.7%)和充血性心力衰竭(CHF;8.2%)。全球医院死亡率为38.6%。CHF患者的死亡率与ARDS相当(44.1%)对40.4%)。单侧浸润患者的未校正死亡率较低,但校正死亡率与ARDS患者相似。胸部成像象限的数量与死亡风险的增加相关。单侧浸润性和只有两个象限受累的ARDS患者的死亡率没有差异。
理解超过三分之一接受机械通气的患者有低氧血症和新的浸润,医院死亡率为38.6%。生存率取决于肺部受累程度,无论是否达到ARDS标准。
摘要
低氧性呼吸衰竭患者占需要机械通气患者的三分之一以上,其死亡率往往超过40%。调整严重程度后,无论是单侧还是双侧(如ARDS),死亡率都是相似的。https://bit.ly/2VshdWc
脚注
本研究注册为具有ClinicalTrials.gov标识符的临床试验NCT02010073.数据共享的请求可以提交给LUNG SAFE小组的指导委员会。
这篇文章有补充资料可从www.qdcxjkg.com
肺安全指导委员会:安东尼奥·佩森蒂、约翰·拉菲、劳伦特·布罗查德、安德烈斯·埃斯特班、卢西亚诺·加蒂诺尼、弗兰克·范·哈伦、安德斯·拉尔森、丹尼尔·麦考利、马可·拉涅利、戈登·鲁本菲尔德、B·泰勒·汤普森、赫尔曼·瑞格和亚瑟·S·斯勒茨基。肺安全执行委员会:约翰·G·拉菲、贾科莫·贝拉尼、Tái Pham和艾迪·范。肺安全国家协调员:阿根廷:费尔南多·里奥斯;澳大利亚/新西兰:弗兰克·范哈伦;比利时:Thierry Sottiaux和Pieter Depuydt;玻利维亚:Fredy S.Lora;巴西:卢西亚诺·塞萨尔·阿泽维多;加拿大:艾迪·范;智利:吉列尔莫·布格多;中国:邱海波,;哥伦比亚:马科斯·冈萨雷斯;哥斯达黎加:胡安·西莱斯基;捷克共和国:弗拉基米尔·塞尔尼;丹麦:乔纳斯·尼尔森;厄瓜多尔:曼努埃尔·吉巴贾;法国:Tái Pham;德国:赫尔曼·瑞格;希腊:迪米特里奥斯·马塔米斯;危地马拉:豪尔赫·路易斯·拉内罗;印度:普拉文·阿明;伊朗:S.M.哈希米安;爱尔兰:凯文克拉克森,;意大利:贾科莫·贝拉尼;日本:黑石清康,;墨西哥:阿西斯科·维拉戈麦斯;摩洛哥:Amine Ali Zeggwagh;荷兰:Leo M.Heunks;挪威:Jon Henrik Laake;菲律宾:何塞·伊曼纽尔·帕洛,;葡萄牙:费尔南德斯;罗马尼亚:多雷尔·桑德斯;沙特阿拉伯:亚森阿拉伯;塞尔维亚:维斯纳·布姆巴塞雷维奇;西班牙:尼古拉斯·宁和何塞·洛伦特;瑞典:安德斯·拉尔森;瑞士:莉丝·皮奎隆;突尼斯:费克里·阿布鲁格;英国:Daniel F.McAuley和Lia McNamee;乌拉圭:哈维尔·胡塔多;美国:Ed Bajwa ;;委内瑞拉:加布里埃尔·丹佩尔。肺安全现场调查人员(按国家):阿尔巴尼亚:UHC特蕾莎修女,地拉那:赫克托·苏拉和洛迪亚·努奇;地拉那谢菲特·恩德罗基大学医院:阿尔马卡尼。阿根廷:临床医生,玛丽亚别墅:艾伦·扎祖;Resistencia Julio C.Perrando医院:Christian Dellera和Carolina S.Insaurralde;拉斯洛马斯疗养院,圣伊西德罗,布宜诺斯艾利斯:里索诉亚历杭德罗;特立尼达圣伊斯德罗疗养院,圣伊斯德罗:胡里奥·达尔丁和莫里西奥·文齐奥;门多萨Español de Mendoza医院,Godoy Cruz Mendoza:Ruben O.Fernandez;罗萨里奥百岁老人医院:路易斯·P·卡多内和利桑德罗·R·贝蒂尼;圣安东尼奥、瓜莱圭、恩特雷里奥斯:马里亚诺·卡博尼·比索和埃米利奥·奥斯曼;布宜诺斯艾利斯中非经货共同体:马里亚诺·G·塞滕和巴勃罗·洛瓦扎诺;澳大利亚大学医院,皮拉尔:哈维尔·阿尔瓦雷斯和维罗妮卡·维拉尔;布宜诺斯艾利斯帕米岛波尔+萨卢德医院塞萨尔·米尔斯坦医生:诺伯托·C·波佐和尼古拉斯·格鲁比希奇;布宜诺斯艾利斯安科雷纳疗养院:古斯塔沃A.普洛特尼科和丹妮拉N.瓦斯克斯;布宜诺斯艾利斯特立尼达米特疗养院:圣地亚哥·伊卢托维奇和诺贝托·蒂里贝利;门多萨路易斯·阿戈马乔雷医院:阿里尔·切纳和卡洛斯·佩莱格里尼;拉普拉塔圣马丁区间阿古多斯将军医院:玛丽亚·G·萨恩斯和埃莉莎·埃斯特索罗;科尔多瓦Misericordia医院:Matias Brizuela和Hernan Gianinetto;坦佩利的容卡尔疗养院:巴勃罗·E·戈麦斯和瓦莱里亚·I·塞拉托;布宜诺斯艾利斯圣托詹尼医院:马可·G·贝齐和西尔维娜·A·博雷洛;布宜诺斯艾利斯Alejandro Posadas医院:Flavia A.Loiacono和Adriana M.Fernandez。澳大利亚:悉尼圣文森特医院:瑟琳娜·诺尔斯和克莱尔·雷诺兹;科加拉圣乔治公立医院:Deborah M.Inskip和Jennene J.Miller;威斯特米德医院,威斯特米德:金刚和克里斯蒂娜·怀特海德;贝德福德公园弗林德斯医疗中心:Shailesh Bihari;纽卡斯尔约翰·亨特医院:艾琳七号和阿曼达·克斯特夫斯基;加兰堪培拉医院:海伦·J·罗杰斯和丽贝卡·T·米勒;瓦拉塔纽卡斯尔基督山:托尼·E·麦肯纳和艾琳·M·贝利;墨尔本卡布里尼医院:Gabrielle C. Hanlon;利物浦利物浦医院:安德斯·安尼曼和琼·M·林奇;中粮港湾健康校园,中粮港湾:Raman Azad和John Neal;内德兰兹查尔斯·盖尔德爵士医院:保罗·W·伍兹和布里吉特·L·罗伯茨;协和医院:马克·R·科尔和海伦·S·王。奥地利:维也纳总医院/维也纳大学医学院,维也纳:Katharina C. Riss和Thomas Staudinger。比利时:圣卢克倩碧大学、卢旺天主教大学、布鲁塞尔:泽维尔·维特布尔和卡罗琳·贝格尔;伊沃尔迪南戈丁内大学中心医院:皮埃尔A.布尔帕和阿兰M.戴夫;奥古斯丁·维尔内圣塔库特·齐肯豪斯,维尔内:里克·弗斯特雷特和赫尔夫·勒宾克;根特大学医院,根特:Pieter Depuydt和Joris Vermassen;鲁汶大学医院,鲁汶:Philippe Meersseman和Helga Ceunen。巴西:普索·阿雷格里的Renascentista医院:Jonas I.Rosa和Daniel O.Beraldo;塞拉维多利亚附属医院:克劳迪奥·皮拉斯和阿德尼尔顿·兰皮内利;圣保罗临床医生医院:小安东尼奥·P·纳萨尔;圣保罗Geral Do Grajaù医院:Sergio Mataloun和Marcelo Moock;福音医院,Cachoeiro de Itapemirim/Espírito Santo:Marlus M.Thompson和Claudio H.Gonçalves;阿雷格里港Moinhos de Vento医院:安娜·卡罗莱纳·P.Antônio和Aline Ascoli;阿尔沃拉达·塔瓜廷加医院,塔瓜廷加:罗德里戈·S·比昂迪和丹妮尔·C·丰特纳;若昂比索塔尔西奥布里蒂综合医院a: Danielle Nobrega and Vanessa M. Sales. Brunei: Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan: Ahmad Yazid Bin HJ Abul Wahab, Maizatul Ismail and Suresh Shindhe. Canada: Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto: John Laffey and Francois Beloncle; St Joseph's Health Center, Toronto: Kyle G. Davies and Rob Cirone; Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto: Venika Manoharan and Mehvish Ismail; Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto: Ewan C. Goligher and Mandeep Jassal; Medical Surgical Intensive Care Unit of the Toronto General Hospital, Toronto: Erin Nishikawa and Areej Javeed; Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto: Gerard Curley and Nuttapol Rittayamai; Cardiovascular Intensive Care Unit of the Toronto General Hospital, Toronto: Matteo Parotto and Niall D. Ferguson; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto: Sangeeta Mehta and Jenny Knoll; Trauma-Neuro Intensive Care Unit of St Michael's Hospital, Toronto: Antoine Pronovost and Sergio Canestrini. Chile: Hospital Clínico Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago: Alejandro R. Bruhn and Patricio H. Garcia; Hospital Militar de Santiago, Santiago: Felipe A. Aliaga and Pamela A. Farías; Clinica Davila, Santiago: Jacob S. Yumha; Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepcion: Claudia A. Ortiz and Javier E. Salas; Clinica Las Lilas, Santiago: Alejandro A. Saez and Luis D. Vega; Hospital Naval Almirante Nef, Viña del Mar: Eduardo F. Labarca and Felipe T. Martinez; Hospital Luis Tisné Brousse, Penanolen: Nicolás G. Carreño and Pilar Lora. China: Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin: Haitao Liu; Nanjing Zhong-da Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing: Haibo Qiu and Ling Liu; First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei: Rui Tang and Xiaoming Luo; Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing: Youzhong An and Huiying Zhao; Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin: Yan Gao and Zhe Zhai; Nanjing Jiangbei People's Hospital Affiliated to Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing: Zheng L. Ye and Wei Wang; First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian: Wenwen Li and Qingdong Li; Subei People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, Yanghzou: Ruiqiang Zheng; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing: Wenkui Yu and Juanhong Shen; Urumqi General Hospital, Urumqi: Xinyu Li; Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital of Wanna Medical College, Yijishan Hospital, Wuhu: Tao Yu and Weihua Lu; Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu: Ya Q. Wu and Xiao B. Huang; Hainan Province People's Hospital, Haikou: Zhenyang He; People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang: Yuanhua Lu; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan: Hui Han and Fan Zhang; Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou: Renhua Sun; First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui: Hua X. Wang and Shu H. Qin; Nanjing Municipal Government Hospital, Nanjing: Bao H. Zhu and Jun Zhao; First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou: Jian Liu and Bin Li; First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing University of Medical Science, Chongqing: Jing L. Liu and Fa C. Zhou; Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou: Qiong J. Li and Xing Y. Zhang; First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan: Zhou Li-Xin and Qiang Xin-Hua; First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning: Liangyan Jiang; Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai: Yuan N. Gao and Xian Y. Zhao; First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan: Yuan Y. Li and Xiao L. Li; Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan: Chunting Wang and Qingchun Yao; Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou: Rongguo Yu and Kai Chen; Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou: Huanzhang Shao and Bingyu Qin; Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming City: Qing Q. Huang and Wei H. Zhu; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha: Ai Y. Hang and Ma X. Hua; First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou: Yimin Li and Yonghao Xu; People's Hospital of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang: Yu D. Di and Long L. Ling; Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou: Tie H. Qin and Shou H. Wang; Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing: Junping Qin; Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing: Yi Han and Suming Zhou. Colombia: Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali: Monica P. Vargas. Costa Rica: Hospital San Juan De Dios, San Jose: Juan I. Silesky Jimenez, Manuel A. González Rojas, Jaime E. SolisQuesada and Christian M. Ramirez-Alfaro. Czech Republic: University Hospital of Ostrava, Ostrava: Jan Máca and Peter Sklienka. Denmark: Aarhus Universitetshospital, Aarhus: Jakob Gjedsted and Aage Christiansen; Rigshopitalet: Jonas Nielsen. Ecuador: Hospital Militar, Quito: Boris G. Villamagua and Iguel Llano. France: Clinique du Millenaire, Montpellier: Philippe Burtin and Gautier Buzancais; Center Hospitalier, Roanne: Pascal Beuret and Nicolas Pelletier; Center Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers, Angers: Satar Mortaza and Alain Mercat; Hôpital Marc Jacquet, Melun: Jonathan Chelly and Sébastien Jochmans; Center Hospitalier Universitaire Caen, Caen: Nicolas Terzi and Cédric Daubin; Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil: Guillaume Carteaux and Nicolas de Prost; Cochin Hospital, Paris: Jean-Daniel Chiche and Fabrice Daviaud; Hôpital Tenon, Paris: Tài Pham and Muriel Fartoukh; CH Mulhouse-Emile Muller, Mulhouse: Guillaume Barberet and Jerome Biehler; Archet 1 University Hospital, Nice: Jean Dellamonica and Denis Doyen; Hopital Sainte Musse, Toulon: Jean-Michel Arnal and Anais Briquet; Hopital Nord–Réanimation des Détresses Respiratoires et Infections Sévères, Marseille: Sami Hraiech and Laurent Papazian; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris: Arnaud Follin; Louis Mourier Hospital, Colombes: Damien Roux and Jonathan Messika; Center Hospitalier de Dax, Dax: Evangelos Kalaitzis; Réanimation Médicale, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris: Laurence Dangers and Alain Combes; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt: Siu-Ming Au; University Hospital Rouen, Rouen: Gaetan Béduneau and Dorothée Carpentier; Center Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens, Amiens–Salouel: Elie H. Zogheib and Herve Dupont; Center Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-sousBois: Sylvie Ricome and Francesco L. Santoli; Center Hospitalier René Dubos, Pontoise: Sebastien L. Besset; Center Hospitalier Intercommunal Portes de l'Oise, Beaumont-sur-Oise: Philippe Michel and Bruno Gelée; Archet 2 University Hospital, Nice: Pierre-Eric Danin and Bernard Goubaux; Center Hospitalier Pierre Oudot, Bourgoin Jallieu: Philippe J. Crova and Nga T. Phan; Center Hospitalier Dunkerque, Dunkerque: Frantz Berkelmans; Center Hospitalier de Belfort Montbéliard, Belfort: Julio C. Badie and Romain Tapponnier; Center Hospitalier Emile Muller, Mulhouse: Josette Gally and Samy Khebbeb; Hôpital de Hautepierre-Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg: Jean-Etienne Herbrecht and Francis Schneider; Center Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe: PierreLouis M. Declercq and Jean-Philippe Rigaud; Bicetre, Le Kremin–Bicetre: Jacques Duranteau and Anatole Harrois; Center Hospitalier Universitaire Gabriel Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand: Russell Chabanne and Julien Marin; Center Hospitalier Universitaire Estaing, Clermont-Ferrand: Charlene Bigot and Sandrine Thibault; Center Hospitalier Intercommunal Eure-Seine Evreux, Evreux: Mohammed Ghazi and Messabi Boukhazna; Center Hospitalier de Châlons en Champagne, Châlons en Champagne: Salem Ould Zein; CH Beauvais, Beauvais: Jack R. Richecoeur and Daniele M. Combaux; Center Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans: Fabien Grelon and Charlene Le Moal; Hôpital Fleyriat, Bourg-en-Bresse: Elise P. Sauvadet and Adrien Robine; Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris: Virginie Lemiale and Danielle Reuter; Service de Pneumologie Pitié-Salpétrière, Paris: Martin Dres and Alexandre Demoule; Center Hospitalier Gonesse, Gonesse: Dany Goldgran-Toledano; Hôpital Croix Rousse, Lyon: Loredana Baboi and Claude Guérin. Germany: St Nikolaus-Stiftshospital, Andernach: Ralph Lohner; Fachkrankenhaus Coswig Gmbh, Coswig: Jens Kraßler and Susanne Schäfer; University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main: Kai D. Zacharowski and Patrick Meybohm; Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig: Andreas W. Reske and Philipp Simon; Asklepios Klinik Langen, Langen: HansBernd F. Hopf and Michael Schuetz; Städtisches Krankenhaus Heinsberg, Heinsberg: Thomas Baltus. Greece: Hippokrateion General Hospital of Athens, Athens: Metaxia N. Papanikolaou and Theonymfi G. Papavasilopoulou; Gh Ahepa, Thessaloniki: Giannis A. Zacharas and Vasilis Ourailogloy; Hippokration General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki: Eleni K. Mouloudi and Eleni V. Massa; Hospital General of Kavala, Kavala: Eva O. Nagy and Electra E. Stamou; Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki: Ellada V. Kiourtzieva and Marina A. Oikonomou. Guatemala: Hospital General de Enfermedades, Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social, Ciudad de Guatemala: Luis E. Avila; Centro Médico Militar, Guatemala: Cesar A. Cortez and Johanna E. Citalán. India: Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center, Pune: Sameer A. Jog and Safal D. Sable; Care Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, Ahmedabad: Bhagyesh Shah; Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow: Mohan Gurjar and Arvind K. Baronia; Rajasthan Hospital, Ahmedabad: Mohammedfaruk Memon; National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore: Radhakrishnan Muthuchellappan and Venkatapura J. Ramesh; Anesthesiology Unit of the Kasturba Medical College and Department of Respiratory Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal: Anitha Shenoy and Ramesh Unnikrishnan; Sanjeevan Hospital, Pune: Subhal B. Dixit and Rachana V. Rhayakar; Apollo Hospitals, Chennai: Nagarajan Ramakrishnan and Vallish K. Bhardwaj; Medicine Unit of the Kasturba Medical College and Department of Respiratory Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal: Heera L. Mahto and Sudha V. Sagar; G. Kuppuswamy Naidu Memorial Hospital, Coimbatore: Vijayanand Palaniswamy and Deeban Ganesan. Iran: National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease/Masih Daneshvari, Tehran: Seyed Mohammadreza Hashemian and Hamidreza Jamaati; Milad Hospital, Tehran: Farshad Heidari. Ireland: St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin: Edel A. Meaney and Alistair Nichol; Mercy University Hospital, Cork: Karl M. Knapman and Donall O'Croinin; Cork University Hospital, Cork: Eimhin S. Dunne and Dorothy M. Breen; Galway University Hospital, Galway: Kevin P. Clarkson and Rola F. Jaafar; Beaumont Hospital, Dublin: Rory Dwyer and Fahd Amir; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin: Olaitan O. Ajetunmobi and Aogan C. O'Muircheartaigh; Tallaght Hospital, Dublin: Colin S. Black and Nuala Treanor; Saint James's Hospital, Dublin: Daniel V. Collins and Wahid Altaf. Italy: Santa Maria delle Croci Hospital, Ravenna: Gianluca Zani and Maurizio Fusari; Arcispedale Sant'Anna Ferrara, Ferrara: Savino Spadaro and Carlo A. Volta; Ospedale Profili, Fabriano, Ancona: Romano Graziani and Barbara Brunettini; Umberto I. Nocera Inferiore, Nocera Inferiore Salerno: Salvatore Palmese; Azienda Ospedaliera San Paolo–Polo Universitario–Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan: Paolo Formenti and Michele Umbrello; Sant'Anna, San Fermo Della Battaglia, Como: Andrea Lombardo; Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia: Elisabetta Pecci and Marco Botteri; Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ca Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan: Monica Savioli and Alessandro Protti; University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome: Alessia Mattei and Lorenzo Schiavoni; Azienda Ospedaliera “Mellino Mellini”, Chiari, Brescia: Andrea Tinnirello and Manuel Todeschini; Policlinico P. Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo: Antonino Giarratano and Andrea Cortegiani; Niguarda Cà Granda Hospital, Milan: Sara Sher and Anna Rossi; A. Gemelli University Hospital, Rome: Massimo M. Antonelli and Luca M. Montini; Ospedale “Sandro Pertini”, Rome: Paolo Casalena and Sergio Scafetti; Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione; Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Palermo: Giovanna Panarello and Giovanna Occhipinti; Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza: Nicolò Patroniti and Matteo Pozzi; Santa Maria Della Scaletta, Imola: Roberto R. Biscione and Michela M. Poli; Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano: Ferdinando Raimondi and Daniela Albiero; Ospedale Desio-Ao Desio-Vimercate, Desio: Giulia Crapelli and Eduardo Beck; Pinetagrande Private Hospital, Castelvolturno: Vincenzo Pota and Vincenzo Schiavone; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico San Martino Ist, Genova: Alexandre Molin and Fabio Tarantino; Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano: Giacomo Monti and Elena Frati; Ospedali Riuniti Di Foggia, Foggia: Lucia Mirabella and Gilda Cinnella; Azienda Ospedaliera Luigi Sacco–Polo Universitario, Milano: Tommaso Fossali and Riccardo Colombo; Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Turin: Pierpaolo Terragni and Ilaria Pattarino; Università degli Studi di Pavia-Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia: Francesco Mojoli and Antonio Braschi; Ao Ospedale Civile Legnano, Legnano: Erika E. Borotto; Arnas Ospedale Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli, Palermo: Andrea N. Cracchiolo and Daniela M. Palma; Azienda Ospedaliera Della Provincia Di Lecco–Ospedale “A. Manzoni”, Lecco: Francesco Raponi and Giuseppe Foti; A.O. Provincia Di Lecco–Ospedale Alessandro Manzoni, Lecco: Ettore R. Vascotto and Andrea Coppadoro; Cliniche Universitarie Sassari, Sassari: Luca Brazzi and Leda Floris; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia: Giorgio A. Iotti and Aaron Venti. Japan: Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama: Osamu Yamaguchi and Shunsuke Takagi; Toyooka Hospital, Toyooka City: Hiroki N. Maeyama; Chiba University Hospital, Chiba City: Eizo Watanabe and Yoshihiro Yamaji; Okayma University Hospital, Okayama: Kazuyoshi Shimizu and Kyoko Shiozaki; Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Cancer Institute Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care, Tokyo: Satoru Futami; Ibaraki Prefectural Central Hospital, Kasama: Sekine Ryosuke; Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai-Shi: Koji Saito and Yoshinobu Kameyama; Tokyo Medical University Hachioji Medical Center, Hachioji, Tokyo: Keiko Ueno; Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima: Masayo Izawa and Nao Okuda; Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Gunma Maebashi: Hiroyuki Suzuki and Tomofumi Harasawa; Urasoe General Hospital, Urasoe: Michitaka Nasu and Tadaaki Takada; Ohta General Hospital Foundation Ohta Nishinouchi Hospital, Fukushima: Fumihito Ito; Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke: Shin Nunomiya and Kansuke Koyama; Mito Kyodo General Hospital, Tsukuba University Hospital Mito Medical Center, Mito: Toshikazu Abe; Sendai City Hospital, Sendai: Kohkichi Andoh and Kohei Kusumoto; Ja Hiroshima General Hospital, Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima: Akira Hirata and Akihiro Takaba; Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Yokohama: Hiroyasu Kimura; Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki: Shuhei Matsumoto and Ushio Higashijima; Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata: Hiroyuki Honda and Nobumasa Aoki; Mie University Hospital, Tsu, Mie: Hiroshi Imai; Yamaguchi University Hospital, Ube, Yamaguchi: Yasuaki Ogino and Ichiko Mizuguchi; Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto City: Kazuya Ichikado; Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto City: Kenichi Nitta and Katsunori Mochizuki; Kuki General Hospital, Kuki: Tomoaki Hashida; Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto: Hiroyuki Tanaka; Fujita Health University, Toyoake: Tomoyuki Nakamura and Daisuke Niimi; Rakwakai Marutamachi Hospital, Kyoto: Takeshi Ueda; Osaka University Hospital, Suita City, Osaka Prefecture: Yozo Kashiwa and Akinori Uchiyama. Latvia: Paul Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga: Olegs Sabelnikovs and Peteris Oss. Lebanon: Kortbawi Hospital, Jounieh: Youssef Haddad. Malaysia: Hospital Kapit, Kapit: Kong Y. Liew. Mexico: Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico City: Silvio A. Ñamendys-Silva and Yves D. Jarquin-Badiola; Hospital de Especialidades “Antonio Fraga Mouret” Centro Medico Nacional La Raza Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City: Luis A. Sanchez-Hurtado and Saira S. Gomez-Flores; Hospital Regional 1° de Octubre, Mexico City: Maria C. Marin and Asisclo J. Villagomez; Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City: Jordana S. Lemus and Jonathan M. Fierro; Hospital General de Zona No. 1 Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social Tepic Nayarit, Tepic: Mavy Ramirez Cervantes and Francisco Javier Flores Mejia; Centro Medico Dalinde, Mexico City: Dulce Dector and Alejandro Rojas; Opd Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Hospital Juan I. Menchaca, Guadalajara: Daniel R. Gonzalez and Claudia R. Estrella; Hospital Regional de Ciudad Madero Pemex, Ciudad Madero: Jorge R. Sanchez-Medina and Alvaro Ramirez-Gutierrez; Centro Médico American British Cowdray, Mexico City: Fernando G. George and Janet S. Aguirre; Hospital Juarez de Mexico, Mexico City: Juan A. Buensuseso and Manuel Poblano. Morocco: Mohammed V University, University Teaching Ibn Sina Hospital, Rabat: Tarek Dendane and Amine Ali Zeggwagh; Hopital Militaire D'Instruction Mohammed V, Rabat: Hicham Balkhi; Errazi, Marrakech: Mina Elkhayari and Nacer Samkaoui; University Teaching Hospital Ibn Rushd, Casablanca: Hanane Ezzouine and Abdellatif Benslama; Hôpital des Spécialités de Rabat, Rabat: Mourad Amor and Wajdi Maazouzi. The Netherlands: Tjongerschans, Heerenveen: Nedim Cimic and Oliver Beck; Cwz, Nijmegen: Monique M. Bruns and Jeroen A. Schouten; Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem: Myra Rinia and Monique Raaijmakers; Radboud Umc, Nijmegen: Leo M. Heunks and Hellen M. Van Wezel; Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht: Serge J. Heines and Ulrich Strauch; Catharinaziekenhuis, Eindhoven: Marc P. Buise; Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam: Fabienne D. Simonis and Marcus J. Schultz. New Zealand: Tauranga Hospital, Tauranga: Jennifer C. Goodson and Troy S. Browne; Wellington Hospital, Wellington: Leanlove Navarra and Anna Hunt; Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin: Robyn A. Hutchison and Mathew B. Bailey; Auckland City Hospital, Auckland: Lynette Newby and Colin McArthur; Whangarei Base Hospital, Whangarei: Michael Kalkoff and Alex Mcleod; North Shore Hospital, Auckland: Jonathan Casement and Danielle J. Hacking. Norway: Ålesund Hospital, Ålesund: Finn H. Andersen and Merete S. Dolva; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet Medical Center, Oslo: Jon H. Laake and Andreas Barratt-Due; Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger: Kim Andre L. Noremark and Eldar Søreide; Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen: Brit Å. Sjøbø and Anne B. Guttormsen. Peru: Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima: Hector H. Leon Yoshido; Clínica Ricardo Palma, Lima: Ronald Zumaran Aguilar and Fredy A. Montes Oscanoa. Philippines: The Medical City, Pasig: Alain U. Alisasis and Joanne B. Robles; Chong Hua Hospital, Cebu: Rossini Abbie B. Pasanting-Lim and Beatriz C. Tan. Poland: Warsaw University Hospital, Warsaw: Pawel Andruszkiewicz and Karina Jakubowska. Portugal: Centro Hospitalar Da Cova Da Beira, Covilhã: Cristina M. Coxo; Hospital Santa Maria, Chln, Lisboa: António M. Alvarez and Bruno S. Oliveira; Centro Hospitalar Trás-Os-Montes E. Alto Douro, Hospital de S. Pedro-Vila Real, Vila Real: Gustavo M. Montanha and Nelson C. Barros; Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures: Carlos S. Pereira and António M. Messias; Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa: Jorge M. Monteiro; Centro Hospitalar Médio Tejo–Hospital de Abrantes, Abrantes: Ana M. Araujo and Nuno T. Catorze; Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Lisboa: Susan M. Marum and Maria J. Bouw; Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada: Rui M. Gomes and Vania A. Brito; Centro Hospitalar Do Algarve, Faro: Silvia Castro and Joana M. Estilita; Hospital de Cascais, Alcabideche: Filipa M. Barros; Hospital Prof. Doutor Fernando Fonseca Epe, Amadora: Isabel M. Serra and Aurelia M. Martinho. Romania: Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest: Dana R. Tomescu and Alexandra Marcu; Emergency Clinical County Hospital Timisoara, Timisoara: Ovidiu H. Bedreag and Marius Papurica; Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest: Dan E. Corneci and Silvius Ioan Negoita. Russian Federation: University Hospital, Kemerovo: Evgeny Grigoriev; Krasnoyarsk Regional Hospital, Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, Krasnoyarsk: Alexey I. Gritsan and Andrey A. Gazenkampf. Saudi Arabia: General Intensive Care Unit of Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh: Ghaleb Almekhlafi and Mohamad M. Albarrak; Surgical Intensive Care Unit of Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh: Ghanem M. Mustafa; King Faisal Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh: Khalid A. Maghrabi and Nawal Salahuddin; King Fahad Hospital, Baha: Tharwat M. Aisa; Neuro Critical Care Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh: Ahmed S. Al Jabbary and Edgardo Tabhan; Intensive Care Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh: Yaseen M. Arabi; Surgical Intensive Care Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh: Yaseen M. Arabi and Olivia A. Trinidad; Trauma Intensive Care Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh: Hasan M. Al Dorzi and Edgardo E. Tabhan. Serbia: Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade: Vesna Bumbasirevic and Bojan Jovanovic. South Africa: Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg: Stefan Bolon and Oliver Smith. Spain: Hospital Sant Pau, Barcelona: Jordi Mancebo and Hernan Aguirre-Bermeo; Hospital Universitari Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona: Juan C. Lopez-Delgado and Francisco Esteve; Hospital Son Llatzer, Palma de Mallorca: Gemma Rialp and Catalina Forteza; Sabadell Hospital, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Respiratorias, Sabadell: Candelaria De Haro and Antonio Artigas; Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo: Guillermo M. Albaiceta and Sara De Cima-Iglesias; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña, A Coruña: Leticia Seoane-Quiroga and Alexandra Ceniceros-Barros; Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza: Antonio L. RuizAguilar and Luis M. Claraco-Vega; Morales Meseguer University Hospital, Murcia: Juan Alfonso Soler and Maria del Carmen Lorente; Hospital Universitario del Henares, Coslada: Cecilia Hermosa and Federico Gordo; Complejo Asistencial de Palencia, Hospital Rio Carrión, Palencia: Miryam PrietoGonzález and Juan B. López-Messa; Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid: Manuel P. Perez and Cesar P. Perez; Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza: Raquel Montoiro Allue; Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Tortosa: Ferran RocheCampo and Marcos Ibañez-Santacruz; Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid: Susana Temprano; Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid: Maria C. Pintado and Raul De Pablo; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona: Pilar Ricart Aroa Gómez; Hospital Universitario Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, Lleida: Silvia Rodriguez Ruiz and Silvia Iglesias Moles; Cst Terrassa, Barcelona: Mª Teresa Jurado and Alfons Arizmendi; Hospital Universitari Mútua Terrassa, Terrassa: Enrique A. Piacentini; Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Mostoles: Nieves Franco and Teresa Honrubia; Complejo Asistencial de Salamanca, Salamanca: Meisy Perez Cheng and Elena Perez Losada; Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real, Ciudad Real: Javier Blanco and Luis J. Yuste; Torrecardenas, Almeria: Cecilia Carbayo-Gorriz and Francisca G. Cazorla-Barranquero; Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastian: Javier G. Alonso and Rosa S. Alda; Hospital Universitario de Torrejón, Madrid: Ángela Algaba and Gonzalo Navarro; Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid: Enrique Cereijo and Esther Diaz-Rodriguez; Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti, Lugo: Diego Pastor Marcos and Laura Alvarez Montero; Hospital Universitario Santa Lucia, Cartagena: Luis Herrera Para and Roberto Jimenez Sanchez; Hospital Universitario Severo Ochoa, Leganes, Madrid: Miguel Angel Blasco Navalpotro and Ricardo Diaz Abad; University Hospital of Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife: Raquel Montiel González and Dácil Parrilla Toribio; Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander: Alejandro G. Castro and Maria Jose D. Artiga; Hospital Infanta Cristina, Parla, Madrid: Oscar Penuelas; Hospital General de Catalunya, Sant Cugat del Valles: Tomas P. Roser and Moreno F. Olga; San Pedro de Alcántara, Cáceres: Elena Gallego Curto and Rocío Manzano Sánchez; Sant Joan de Reus, Reus: Vallverdu P. Imma and Garcia M. Elisabet; Hospital Joan XXIII, Tarragona: Laura Claverias and Monica Magret; Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid: Ana M. Pellicer and Lucia L. Rodriguez; Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Valladolid: Jesús Sánchez-Ballesteros and Ángela González-Salamanca; Hospital Arquitecto Marcide, Ferrol, La Coruña: Antonio G. Jimenez and Francisco P. Huerta; Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid: Juan Carlos J. Sotillo Diaz and Esther Bermejo Lopez; Hospital General de Segovia, Segovia: David D. Llinares Moya and Alec A. Tallet Alfonso; Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofia, Murcia: Palazon Sanchez Eugenio Luis and Palazon Sanchez Cesar; Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete: Sánchez I. Rafael and Corcoles G. Virgilio; Hospital Infanta Elena, Valdemoro: Noelia N. Recio. Sweden: Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg: Richard O. Adamsson and Christian C. Rylander; Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm: Bernhard Holzgraefe and Lars M. Broman; Akademiska Sjukhuset Uppsala, Uppsala: Joanna Wessbergh and Linnea Persson; Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping: Fredrik Schiöler and Hans Kedelv; Linkoping University Hospital, Linköping: Anna Oscarsson Tibblin and Henrik Appelberg; Skellefteå Lasarett, Skellefteå: Lars Hedlund and Johan Helleberg; Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm: Karin E. Eriksson and Rita Glietsch; Umeå University Hospital, Umeå: Niklas Larsson and Ingela Nygren; Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm: Silvia L. Nunes and Anna-Karin Morin; Lund University Hospital, Lund: Thomas Kander and Anne Adolfsson. Switzerland: Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne: Lise Piquilloud; Hôpital Neuchâtelois–La Chaux de-Fonds, La Chaux-de-Fonds: Hervé O. Zender and Corinne Leemann-Refondini. Tunisia: Hopital Taher Sfar Mahdia, Mahdia: Souheil Elatrous; University Hospital Farhat Hached Sousse, Sousse: Slaheddine Bouchoucha and Imed Chouchene; Center Hospitalier Universitaire F. Bourguiba, Monastir: Islem Ouanes; Mongi Slim University Hospital, La Marsa: Asma Ben Souissi and Salma Kamoun. Turkey: Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Istanbul: Oktay Demirkiran; Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty Sadi Sun Intensive Care Unit, Istanbul: Mustafa Aker and Emre Erbabacan; Uludag University Medical Faculty, Bursa: Ilkay Ceylan and Nermin Kelebek Girgin; Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Reanimation 3rd Level Intensive Care Unit, Ankara: Menekse Ozcelik and Necmettin Ünal; Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 2nd Level Intensive Care Unit–Postoperative Intensive Care Unit, Ankara: Basak Ceyda Meco; Istanbul Kartal Egitim Ve Arastirma Hastanesi, Istanbul: Onat O. Akyol and Suleyman S. Derman. UK: Papworth Hospital, Cambridge: Barry Kennedy and Ken Parhar; Royal Glamorgan Hospital, Llantrisant: Latha Srinivasa; Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast: Lia McNamee and Danny McAuley; Jack Steinberg Intensive Care Unit of the King's College, London: Phil Hopkins and Clare Mellis; Frank Stansil Intensive Care Unit of the King's College Hospital, London: Vivek Kakar; Liver Intensive Care Unit of the King's College, London: Dan Hadfield; Christine Brown Intensive Care Unit of the King's College, London: Andre Vercueil; West Suffolk Hospital, Bury St Edmunds: Kaushik Bhowmick and Sally K. Humphreys; Craigavon Area Hospital, Portadown: Andrew Ferguson and Raymond Mckee; Barts Health National Health Service Trust, Whipps Cross Hospital, Leytonstone: Ashok S. Raj and Danielle A. Fawkes; Kettering General Hospital, Foundation National Health Service Trust, Northamptonshire: Philip Watt and Linda Twohey; Barnet General Hospital, Barnet: Rajeev R. Jha, Matthew Thomas, Alex Morton and Varsha Kadaba; Rotherham General Hospital, Rotherham: Mark J. Smith and Anil P. Hormis; City Hospital, Birmingham: Santhana G. Kannan and Miriam Namih; Poole Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Poole: Henrik Reschreiter and Julie Camsooksai; Weston General Hospital, Weston-Super-Mare: Alek Kumar and Szabolcs Rugonfalvi; Antrim Area Hospital, Antrim: Christopher Nutt and Orla Oneill; Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool: Colette Seasman and Ged Dempsey; Northern General Hospital, Sheffield: Christopher J. Scott and Helen E. Ellis; John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford: Stuart Mckechnie and Paula J. Hutton; St Georges Hospital, London: Nora N. Di Tomasso and Michela N. Vitale; Hillingdon Hospital, Uxbridge: Ruth O. Griffin and Michael N. Dean; Royal Bournemouth and Christchurch National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bournemouth: Julius H. Cranshaw and Emma L. Willett; Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, London: Nicholas Ioannou; Guy's and St Thomas' Severe Respiratory Failure Service, Whittington Hospital, London: Sarah Gillis; Wexham Park Hospital, Slough: Peter Csabi; Western General Hospital, Edinburgh: Rosaleen Macfadyen and Heidi Dawson; Royal Preston Hospital, Preston: Pieter D. Preez and Alexandra J. Williams; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Brighton: Owen Boyd and Laura Ortiz-Ruiz de Gordoa; East and North Herts National Health Service Trust, Stevenage: Jon Bramall and Sophie Symmonds; Barnsley Hospital, Barnsley: Simon K. Chau and Tim Wenham; Prince Charles Hospital, Merthyr Tydfil: Tamas Szakmany and Piroska Toth-Tarsoly; University Hospital of South Manchester National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester: Katie H. McCalman and Peter Alexander; Harrogate District Hospital, Harrogate: Lorraine Stephenson and Thomas Collyer; East and North Herts National Health Service Trust, Welwyn Garden City: Rhiannon Chapman and Raphael Cooper; Western Infirmary, Glasgow: Russell M. Allan and Malcolm Sim; Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary, Dumfries: David W. Wrathall and Donald A. Irvine; Charing Cross Hospital, London: Kim S. Zantua and John C. Adams; Worcestershire Royal Hospital, Worcester: Andrew J. Burtenshaw and Gareth P. Sellors; Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool: Ingeborg D. Welters and Karen E. Williams; Royal Alexandra Hospital, Glasgow: Robert J. Hessell and Matthew G. Oldroyd; Morriston Hospital, Swansea: Ceri E. Battle and Suresh Pillai; Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley: Istvan Kajtor and Mageswaran Sivashanmugavel; Altnagelvin Hospital, Derry: Sinead C. Okane and Adrian Donnelly; Buckinghamshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust, High Wycombe: Aniko D. Frigyik and Jon P. Careless; Milton Keynes Hospital, Milton Keynes: Martin M. May and Richard Stewart; Ulster Hospital, Belfast: T. John Trinder and Samantha J. Hagan; University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff: Jade M. Cole; Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne: Caroline C. MacFie and Anna T. Dowling. Uruguay: Hospital Español, Montevideo: Javier Hurtado and Nicolás Nin; Cudam, Montevideo: Javier Hurtado; Sanatorio Mautone, Maldonado: Edgardo Nuñez; Sanatorio Americano, Montevideo: Gustavo Pittini and Ruben Rodriguez; Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo: María C. Imperio and Cristina Santos; Circulo Católico Obreros Uruguay–Sanatorio Juan Pablo II, Montevido: Ana G. França and Alejandro Ebeid; Centro de Asistencia del Sindicato Médico del Uruguay, Montevideo: Alberto Deicas and Carolina Serra. USA: St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri: Aditya Uppalapati and Ghassan Kamel; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts: Valerie M. Banner-Goodspeed and Jeremy R. Beitler; Memorial Medical Center, Springfield, Illinois: Satyanarayana Reddy Mukkera and Shreedhar Kulkarni; University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio: John O. Shinn III and Dina Gomaa; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Christopher Tainter, Jarone Lee and Tomaz MesarJarone Lee; R. Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, Baltimore, Maryland: Dale J. Yeatts and Jessica Warren; Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah: Michael J. Lanspa, Russel R. Miller, Colin K. Grissom and Samuel M. Brown; Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota: Philippe R. Bauer; North Shore Medical Center, Salem, Massachusetts: Ryan J. Gosselin and Barrett T. Kitch; Albany Medical Center, Albany, New York: Jason E. Cohen, Scott H. Beegle and Shazia Choudry; John H. Stoger Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, Illinois: Renaud M. Gueret and Aiman Tulaimat; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama: William Stigler and Hitesh Batra; Duke University Hospital, Durham, North Carolina: Nidhi G. Huff; Iowa Methodist Medical Center, Des Moines, Iowa: Keith D. Lamb and Trevor W. Oetting; Surgical and Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa: Nicholas M. Mohr and Claine Judy; Medical Center of Louisiana at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana: Shigeki Saito and Fayez M. Kheir; Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana: Fayez Kheir; Critical Care Unit of the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa: Adam B. Schlichting and Angela Delsing; University of California, San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, California: Daniel R. Crouch and Mary Elmasri; University of California San Diego Thornton Hospital, La Jolla, California: Daniel R. Crouch and Dina Ismail; University Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio: Kyle R. Dreyer, Thomas C. Blakeman and Dina Gomaa; Tower 3B Medical Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Rebecca M. Baro and, Carolina Quintana Grijalba; Tower 8C Burn/Trauma Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Peter C. Hou; Tower 8D Surgical Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Raghu Seethala; Tower 9C Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Imo Aisiku; Tower 9D Neurological Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Galen Henderson; Tower 11C Thoracic Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Gyorgy Frendl; Shapiro 6W Cardiac Surgery Intensive Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Sen-Kuang Hou; Shapiro 9E Coronary Care Unit of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts: Robert L. Owens and Ashley Schomer.
利益冲突:范文忠没有什么可透露的。
利益冲突:A.Pesenti报告了Maquet、Novalung/Xenios、Baxter、Gilead和Boehringer Ingelheim在提交作品之外的个人费用。
利益冲突:G. Bellani报告了来自Draeger Medical、Getinge、Hamilton、GE Healthcare、Dimar SRL、Intersurgical和Flowmeter SPA的拨款和个人费用,超出了提交的工作。
利益冲突:鲁本菲尔德没有什么可披露的。
利益冲突:E. Fan报告了来自ALung Technologies、Getinge和MC3 cardioplung的个人费用、补助金、费森尤斯医疗保健的个人费用和非经济支持,在提交的作品之外。
利益冲突:G. Bugedo没有什么可披露的。
利益冲突:洛伦特没有什么可透露的。
利益冲突:A.D.V.费尔南德斯没有什么可披露的。
利益冲突:f·范·哈伦没有什么可透露的。
利益冲突:布鲁恩没有什么可披露的。
利益冲突:F.Rios无需披露任何信息。
利益冲突:A.埃斯特班没有什么可披露的。
利益冲突:L.Gattinoni无需披露任何信息。
利益冲突:A. Larsson报告了瑞典心脏和肺基金会在研究期间的赠款。
利益冲突:D.F.McAuley报告了葛兰素史克、勃林格·英格海姆和拜耳咨询公司在提交工作之外的个人费用;此外,他的机构还获得了来自英国NIHR、威康信托、英国创新、NI HSC研发部、NI胸科心脏病和中风以及MRC的资助;是美国专利U8962032的四名发明家之一,其中包括使用含唾液酸的纳米颗粒作为贝尔法斯特女王大学的机构颁发的消炎药(http://www.google.com/patents/US8962032); 他是重症监护协会的研究主任和NIHR EME项目主任。
利益冲突:拉涅利没有什么可透露的。
利益冲突:B.T.Thompson报告了拜耳、西蒂斯和诺华在提交作品之外的个人费用。
利益冲突:H. Wrigge报告了Dräger Medical的个人咨询费,来自Liberate Medical的咨询委员会工作的个人费用,来自InfectoPharm的拨款和讲座的个人费用,来自MSD和GE的讲座的个人费用,以及提交的工作之外的费用。
利益冲突:L.J. Brochard报告了Medtronic Covidien的拨款,Fisher Paykel的拨款和非经济支持,液化空气、Sentec和飞利浦的非经济支持,以及通用电气的其他(专利)。
利益冲突:J.G.Laffey报告了Baxter提供的赠款和个人费用,以及Aerogen和Factor Biosciences提供的赠款和非财务支持,不包括提交的工作。
支持声明:这项工作得到了欧洲重症监护医学会的支持。本文的资金信息已存放在Crossref资助者注册表.
- 收到了2020年8月29日。
- 认可的2020年11月21日。
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