Tables
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Table. 1—
Mean and median air pollution concentrations (24-h mean) in µg·m−3during winter
Urban Rural Days n Mean Median Min.–max. Days n Mean Median Min.–max. Winter 1993/1994 PM10 89 41.5 34.6 12.1–112.7 87 44.1 30.4 7.9–242.2 BS 90 14.2 11.3 0–47.8 92 13.5 9.5 1.5–58.1 SO2 91 11.8 10.2 2.7–33.5 92 8.2 4.4 0.8–41.5 NO2 92 46.0 47.0 22.2–75.9 92 26.6 24.0 6.5–54.3 Winter 1994/1995 PM10 82 31.1 28.9 8.8–89.9 81 26.6 23.7 7.1–96.9 BS 74 8.8 6.7 2.0–28.0 81 8.7 5.6 0.0–43.0 SO2 82 8.3 7.4 0.6–24.4 80 4.3 3.7 0.5–17.0 NO2 82 46.7 48.3 26.0–82.3 80 23.7 21.4 1.6–57.1 Min.: minimun; max.: maximum; PM10: particulate matter with a diameter <10 µm; BS: black smoke; SO2: sulphur dioxoide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide. There were no significant differences between the urban and rural air pollution concentrations.
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Table. 2—
Population characteristics of subjects with and without airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and relatively high serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E
IgE+ IgE− AHR+ AHR− AHR+ AHR− Subjects n (%) 48 (14.7) 112 (34.3) 42 (12.8) 125 (38.2) Males/females 25/23 66/46 11/31 58/67 Age yrs 60.5±6.7 58.8±6.0 59.5±6.4 59.2±6.1 FEV1% pred 92.5±17.8 113.8±14.0 97.7±19.4 115.6±14.6 VC % pred 106.4±16.3 115.6±14.3 108.3±16.8 117.7±14.7 Never-/ex-/current smokers 53/20/27 60/23/17 49/19/32 71/16/13 Atopy 54 37 17 17 Median daily prevalence of LRS 21.8 6.3 15.0 6.1 URS 28.0 18.6 23.7 16.9 Cough 29.2 18.6 25.0 16.4 >10% fall in morning PEF 35.0 17.2 30.0 15.6 Data are presented as mean±sdor as %, unless otherwise stated. AHR+: ≥20% forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline at ≤2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; AHR-: <20% FEV1decline at 2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; IgE+: high serum total IgE, >20 kU·L−1; IgE-: low serum total IgE, ≤20 kU·L−1; % pred: % predicted; VC: vital capacity; LRS: lower respiratory symptoms; URS: upper respiratory symptoms; PEF: peak expiratory flow.
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Table. 3—
Estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms associated with a 10-µg·m−3increase in air pollutants
AHR−/IgE− AHR−/IgE+ AHR+/IgE− AHR+/IgE+ PM10 Lag 0 0.99 (0.97–1.01) 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) Lag 1 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 1.02 (1.00–1.04)# 1.01 (0.97–1.05) 1.03 (1.00–1.05)# Lag 2 1.00 (0.98–1.02) 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 1.02 (0.99–1.05) 5-day mean 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 1.08 (1.04–1.11)#,¶ 0.98 (0.91–1.06) 1.06 (1.00–1.11)#,¶ BS Lag 0 1.00 (0.96–1.05) 1.01 (0.96–1.06) 1.03 (0.94–1.13) 1.06 (0.99–1.13) Lag 1 1.02 (0.98–1.07) 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 1.06 (0.98–1.14) 1.12 (1.06–1.19)#,¶ Lag 2 0.99 (0.95–1.04) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 0.94 (0.86–1.01) 1.06 (1.00–1.12)#,¶ 5-day mean 1.04 (0.96–1.13) 1.10 (1.02–1.20)# 1.03 (0.89–1.20) 1.19 (1.06–1.33)#,¶ SO2 Lag 0 0.99 (0.93–1.05) 0.98 (0.92–1.03) 1.05 (0.94–1.17) 1.06 (0.97–1.15) Lag 1 1.02 (0.97–1.08) 1.07 (1.01–1.12)# 1.07 (0.96–1.19) 1.13 (1.05–1.23)#,¶ Lag 2 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 1.02 (0.96–1.07) 0.96 (0.86–1.07) 0.99 (0.92–1.08) 5-day mean 0.99 (0.88–1.12) 1.15 (1.02–1.29)#,¶ 1.04 (0.83–1.30) 1.18 (0.99–1.40) NO2 Lag 0 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 1.03 (0.97–1.09) 1.02 (0.98–1.07) Lag 1 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 0.98 (0.96–1.01) 1.03 (0.98–1.08) 1.04 (1.00–1.08)#,¶ Lag 2 0.99 (0.96–1.02) 0.99 (0.96–1.01) 0.98 (0.94–1.03) 1.03 (0.99–1.07) 5-day mean 1.01 (0.94–1.08) 0.96 (0.90–1.03) 1.03 (0.91–1.16) 1.16 (1.06–1.27)#,¶ AHR+: ≥20% forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline at ≤2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; AHR-: <20% FEV1decline at 2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; IgE+: high serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, >20 kU·L−1; IgE-: low serum total IgE, ≤20 kU·L−1; PM10: particulate matter with a diameter <10 µm; BS: black smoke; SO2: sulphur dioxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#: significant associations;¶: OR outside the 95% CI of the control group (AHR−/IgE−).
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Table. 4—
Estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the prevalence of cough associated with a 10-µg·m−3increase in air pollutants
AHR−/IgE− AHR−/IgE+ AHR+/IgE− AHR+/IgE+ PM10 Lag 0 1.00 (0.99–1.02) 1.01 (0.99–1.03) 1.00 (0.97–1.02) 1.03 (1.01–1.06)#,¶ Lag 1 0.99 (0.98–1.01) 0.99 (0.98–1.01) 1.01 (0.98–1.03) 1.00 (0.98–1.02) Lag 2 1.00 (0.98–1.01) 1.00 (0.98–1.02) 0.99 (0.96–1.02) 0.99 (0.97–1.01) 5-day mean 0.98 (0.95–1.01) 1.01 (0.97–1.05) 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 0.99 (0.95–1.04) BS Lag 0 1.02 (0.99–1.07) 1.01 (0.96–1.05) 1.03 (0.97–1.10) 1.08 (1.02–1.14)#,¶ Lag 1 1.00 (0.97–1.03) 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 1.01 (0.96–1.06) Lag 2 0.97 (0.93–1.00)# 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 0.99 (0.94–1.04) 1.01 (0.96–1.06) 5-day mean 0.98 (0.92–1.04) 0.99 (0.91–1.08) 1.00 (0.89–1.11) 1.06 (0.96–1.16) SO2 Lag 0 1.03 (0.98–1.08) 1.01 (0.95–1.07) 1.03 (0.95–1.12) 1.02 (0.94–1.11) Lag 1 0.97 (0.93–1.02) 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 1.01 (0.93–1.09) 1.02 (0.94–1.10) Lag 2 0.97 (0.93–1.02) 1.02 (0.96–1.08) 1.01 (0.93–1.08) 0.99 (0.92–1.07) 5-day mean 0.92 (0.84–1.01) 1.10 (0.97–1.25) 0.99 (0.83–1.18) 0.99 (0.84–1.15) NO2 Lag 0 1.01 (0.98–1.03) 1.00 (0.97–1.03) 1.00 (0.96–1.04) 1.03 (0.99–1.07) Lag 1 0.99 (0.97–1.02) 1.00 (0.97–1.02) 1.00 (0.97–1.04) 0.99 (0.97–1.03) Lag 2 0.99 (0.97–1.01) 1.00 (0.97–1.02) 0.98 (0.94–1.01) 1.02 (0.98–1.05) 5-day mean 0.98 (0.92–1.04) 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 1.00 (0.93–1.09) 1.09 (1.02–1.17)#,¶ AHR+: ≥20% forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline at ≤2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; AHR−: <20% FEV1decline at 2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; IgE+: high serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, >20 kU·L−1; IgE-: low serum total IgE, ≤20 kU·L−1; PM10: particulate matter with a diameter <10 µm; BS: black smoke; SO2: sulphur dioxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#: significant associations;¶: OR outside the 95% CI of the control group (AHR−/IgE−).
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Table. 5—
Estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the prevalence of a >10% fall in morning peak expiratory flow associated with a 10-µg·m−3increase in air pollutants
AHR−/IgE− AHR−/IgE+ AHR+/IgE− AHR+/IgE+ PM10 Lag 1 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 0.99 (0.97–1.02) 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 1.04 (1.00–1.07)# Lag 2 0.97 (0.94–1.00) 0.99 (0.97–1.02) 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 1.03 (0.99–1.06) 5-day mean 0.97 (0.92–1.02) 0.97 (0.93–1.01) 0.99 (0.93–1.06) 1.05 (0.99–1.11) BS Lag 1 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 0.97 (0.91–1.03) 0.93 (0.85–1.02) 1.08 (1.01–1.16)#,¶ Lag 2 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 0.99 (0.93–1.04) 0.96 (0.88–1.04) 1.08 (1.02–1.16)#,¶ 5-day mean 0.92 (0.84–1.02) 0.91 (0.84 - -1.00)# 0.84 (0.73–0.96)# 1.16 (1.04–1.29)#,¶ SO2 Lag 1 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 1.00 (0.92–1.08) 0.99 (0.87–1.12) 1.15 (1.04–1.27)#,¶ Lag 2 1.00 (0.92–1.09) 1.01 (0.93–1.08) 0.92 (0.81–1.05) 1.18 (1.07–1.30)#,¶ 5-day mean 0.92 (0.79–1.08) 0.90 (0.79–1.02) 0.78 (0.61–0.98)#,¶ 1.26 (1.07–1.49)#,¶ NO2 Lag 1 0.99 (0.95–1.03) 0.98 (0.94–1.01) 0.99 (0.94–1.05) 1.03 (0.98–1.07) Lag 2 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 1.02 (0.98–1.05) 0.99 (0.94–1.04) 1.01 (0.96–1.05) 5-day mean 0.88 (0.81–0.96)# 0.95 (0.88–1.02) 0.90 (0.82–0.99)# 0.99 (0.91–1.08) AHR+: ≥20% forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline at ≤2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; AHR−: <20% FEV1decline at 2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; IgE+: high serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, >20 kU·L−1; IgE-: low serum total IgE, ≤20 kU·L−1; PM10: particulate matter with a diameter <10 µm; BS: black smoke; SO2: sulphur dioxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#: significant associations;¶: OR outside the 95% CI of the control group (AHR−/IgE−).
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Table. 6—
Estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms (URS), cough and >10% fall in morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) associated with a 10-µg·m−3空气污染物的增加雄性和雌性with AHR+/IgE+
URS Cough >10% fall in morning PEF Males Females Males Females Males Females PM10 Lag 0 1.02 (0.97–1.07) 1.01 (0.97–1.04) 1.01 (0.98–1.04) 1.04 (1.00–1.08)# Lag 1 1.04 (0.99–1.08) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 1.01 (0.98–1.03) 1.00 (0.96–1.03) 0.98 (0.93–1.04) 1.04 (0.99–1.09) Lag 2 1.06 (1.02–1.10)#,¶ 0.99 (0.95–1.02) 1.01 (0.98–1.03) 0.99 (0.96–1.03) 1.00 (0.95–1.05) 1.02 (0.98–1.07) 5-day mean 1.09 (0.99–1.18) 0.99 (0.93–1.06) 1.02 (0.97–1.08) 0.99 (0.92–1.05) 0.99 (0.91–1.07) 1.05 (0.97–1.14) BS Lag 0 1.13 (1.02–1.25)#,¶ 1.03 (0.93–1.12) 1.08 (1.01–1.16)# 1.07 (0.98–1.16) Lag 1 1.20 (1.10–1.30)#,¶ 1.09 (1.01–1.18) 1.07 (1.01–1.14)#,¶ 0.98 (0.91 - -1.05) 0.98 (0.87–1.10) 1.12 (1.01–1.24)#,+ Lag 2 1.09 (0.99–1.20) 1.02 (0.94–1.10) 1.03 (0.97–1.09) 1.00 (0.94–1.07) 0.97 (0.87–1.08) 1.09 (0.99–1.20) 5-day mean 1.43 (1.20–1.69)#,¶ 1.05 (0.90–1.22) 1.16 (1.05–1.29)# 1.02 (0.89–1.18) 1.05 (0.87–1.26) 1.17 (0.99–1.37) SO2 Lag 0 1.09 (0.95–1.25) 1.10 (0.97–1.24) 1.04 (0.95–1.13) 1.03 (0.91–1.18) Lag 1 1.12 (0.98–1.28) 1.12 (0.99–1.25) 1.00 (0.92–1.09) 1.00 (0.89–1.13) 1.04 (0.87–1.25) 1.18 (1.03–1.36)# Lag 2 1.13 (0.99–1.28) 0.93 (0.83–1.05) 1.09 (1.00–1.18)# 0.97 (0.86–1.09) 0.92 (0.77–1.10) 1.24 (1.08–1.42)#,+ 5-day mean 1.62 (1.25–2.11)#,¶ 1.02 (0.82–1.28) 1.11 (0.95–1.30) 0.93 (0.73–1.18) 0.88 (0.64–1.21) 1.31 (1.03–1.66)#,+ NO2 Lag 0 1.08 (1.00–1.16)#,¶ 0.99 (0.93–1.04) 1.02 (0.97–1.06) 1.03 (0.98–1.09) Lag 1 1.07 (1.01–1.14)# 1.04 (0.99–1.09) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 0.97 (0.92–1.01) 0.97 (0.91–1.04) 1.03 (0.96–1.10) Lag 2 1.03 (0.97–1.10) 1.04 (0.99–1.10) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) 1.01 (0.96–1.05) 0.98 (0.92–1.04) 1.00 (0.93–1.06) 5-day mean 1.22 (1.02–1.45)#,¶ 1.07 (0.95–1.20) 1.17 (1.06–1.30)#,¶ 1.00 (0.91–1.10) 1.02 (0.91–1.14) 0.89 (0.78–1.02) AHR+: ≥20% forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) decline at ≤2.0 mg cumulative methacholine; IgE+: high serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E, >20 kU·L−1; PM10: particulate matter with a diameter <10 µm; BS: black smoke; SO2: sulphur dioxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide.#: significant associations;¶: OR outside the 95% CI of the control group (AHR−/IgE−);+: OR of females outside the 95% CI of males.