一种bstract
the current EU limit values for PM2。5and PM10太高了http://ow.ly/e6hur
When the European Union (EU) set its first Air Quality Limit Values for particulate matter in outdoor air (particulate matter <10 μm in diameter (PM10))早在1999年,它承诺在2010年设定更严格的限制[1]. The goal at the time was for an annual limit value of 20 µg·m-3,,,,equivalent to the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline set in 2005 [2]. When it was time to do so, however, the new directive adopted in 2008 had no trace of it, and essentially preserved the limit values set in 1999, to which a rather unambitious limit value for fine particles (PM2。5) 加入 [3]. The limit value for PM2。5is an annual average of 25 µg·m-3,,,,to be reached by the year 2015: 2.5 times higher than the WHO guideline value (10 µg·m-3),基于2005年已经提供的科学[2], and twice the current standard of 12 µg·m-3in the USA. The 2008 directive, however, did introduce a voluntary exposure reduction scheme aiming for much lower levels of urban PM2。5直到2020年,打算在2013年进行强制性制作。2013年12月,在欧盟航空末期,该委员会最终提出了新的政策计划。这不会修改空气质量指令中的限制值,也不会使自愿降低目标进行强制性,但现在提出提出中型燃烧工厂排放指令,并进一步减少所谓的国家排放天花板[4-6]. These reductions (as we will show here) are rather unambitious until 2020, but call for much stronger reductions in 2030,IE。在地平线上很好。
因此,这里似乎有一种模式:在短期到中期提出了薄弱的政策,并伴随着未来某个合适的遥远点上真正清洁空气的无约束力的承诺,当那个遥远的未来变得不舒服时,诺言就不会保留下来到凌乱的礼物。
Do we need to worry still about air pollution in Europe? The answer, unfortunately, is yes
谁最近发表了两份主要报告,其中一份在一系列与政策相关的问题的背景下审查了最新证据[7),另一个量效函数定义tions for a series of health effects of air pollution [8],用于整个欧洲的健康影响和成本效益评估。这两种报告总结了最近的大量研究,包括许多来自欧洲的研究,这些研究支持现在在较低的污染物浓度下观察到空气污染的不利影响。基于这样的证据,2012年底发表的权威全球疾病报告,记录在欧洲,总理2。5in the air is clearly the most important environmental health concern among the major drivers of ill health and premature mortality in the population [9].
最近在欧洲完成了一项大型多中心研究,这是欧洲对空气污染效应的同类研究(www.escapeproject.eu)。这项研究是部分资助的,因为当PM的限值值2。5于2008年设定,很少有关于PM的长期影响的研究2。5。the ESCAPE study investigated health effects ranging from low birth weight to all-cause mortality. Significant effects of PM2。5were found on, for example, low birth weight and head circumference at birth [10], lung function in school children [11]和成人[12], incidence of coronary events [13],肺癌发病率[14], and all-cause mortality [15]. These studies generally found that relationships between PM2。5即使在低水平的暴露水平下,健康结果仍然显着,低于20甚至15 µg·m-3PM2。5。this is far below the current limit value of 25 µg·m-3PM2。5。moreover, new studies have emerged indicating a role of ambient air pollution in the development of very important chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity [16]. Taken together, these recent findings and others discussed in the WHO documents result in the conclusion that the air pollution-related burden of disease must even be larger than considered in the past and argue for further strong reductions of the existing Air Quality Limit Values for PM10and PM2。5,并且严格实施了2008年发展的曝光减少目标。此外,人们共识,空气质量干预不仅减少污染,而且随后得到了改善公共卫生[17].
the 2013 National Emission Ceilings Directive proposal
the European Commission published its Clean Air Policy Package in late 2013 [4-6]. While a revision of the Ambient Air Quality Directive is notably absent, the package does contain two main legislative proposals: firstly, a new directive to reduce pollution from medium-sized combustion installations; and secondly, a long-awaited proposal for a revised National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). In this plan, the European Commission argues that there are currently many breaches of air quality limit and target values (which are effectively air quality standards, often with some exceedances permitted). Therefore, air quality policy should be directed at reviewing specific emission standards and meeting the current air quality limit and target values rather than adopting even tighter air quality objectives as required implicitly by the WHO REVIHAAP (Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution) process [7]. The proposed extension of the NECD sets limits on emissions from individual countries for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nonmethane volatile organic compounds, PM2。5and ammonia to be achieved by 2020, with considerably tougher limits to be achieved by 2030 (table 1)。regrettably, it leaves much room for improvement. Notably, the emission reductions proposed use the year 2005 emissions as baseline. As reported by the European Environment Agency (EEA) [18], emissions of all relevant components had already been reduced considerably by 2011 (table 1)。
this makes the proposed Air Quality Policy rather unambitious relative to what has already been achieved in the past 6 years or so. Disconcertingly, another EEA report shows that over that same time period, reductions in ambient PM2。5欧洲的浓度很少[19], suggesting that the proposed emission reductions may not translate into sizable reductions in PM2。5and associated health effects. This means that any real improvement over the current situation can only be expected with the next level of commitments, due to kick in only in 2030. This is far too distant given the urgent need for action if Europe is to attain “levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment” [20.]. For a further critique of the proposal from an emissions and air quality modeling point of view, see the article by Harrison等。[21].
建议
It is imperative that we reach out to the public and policymakers, highlighting the importance of clean air. The theme of the first ever Healthy Lungs for Life campaign, led by the European Respiratory Society and European Lung Foundation, is “Breathe clean air”. This far-reaching awareness campaign, launched in Munich, Germany, in September 2014, is a key method of highlighting the actions that everyone can take to tackle the health effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution. This includes calling on policymakers to tackle air pollution across the continent to improve the lives of European citizens (www.healthylungsforlife.org).
而空气质量政策需要根据national and local conditions, setting ambient air quality standards is an essential element that provides clear targets and guidance to the authorities responsible for the management plans. Those standards must be science-based and set to protect the health of the citizens. The WHO Air Quality Guidelines, set in 2005, are based on the research available at that time. Recent European investigations, funded by the EU, fully support those guideline values. WHO was recently awarded the annual European Lung Foundation Award for introducing these outdoor air quality limits to protect the health of citizens across the world.
the European Commission should not ignore this science but should strive to adopt the WHO Air Quality Guideline values as limit values in the near future. This is needed to support the national and local agencies responsible for improving air quality. It is also needed to stimulate development of low- or zero-emission technologies in transportation, energy production, agriculture, industry and other major sources of air pollution. Such technologies are urgently needed also to achieve major reductions in greenhouse gas emissions as well, creating a win–win situation for climate change as well as air quality.
PM的当前极限值2。5and PM10太高了and provide no incentive for the implementation of those national and local strategies needed to achieve more ambitious goals. In 2012, the US Environmental Protection Agency reduced the annual average National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM2。5from 15 to 12 µg·m-3。If the USA can do it, the EU should be able to as well.
Footnotes
Conflict of interest: M. Barry is an employee of the European Respiratory Society.
- received2014年10月7日。
- 公认october 15, 2014.
- Copyright ©ERS 2015