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[(F)11.4(o)0(r)-327.5(t)0(h)13.2(e)-336.9(at)18.5(te)18.4(nd)15.5(i)13.9(n)0(g)-331.6(i)0(n)18.9(t)0(e)18.4(n)0(s)20(i)0(v)13.2(e)-336.9(ca)20.4(re)-327.9(sp)14.4(ec)20.4(ia)18.4(li)16.5(st)-329.5(wh)17.3(o)-336.5(c)0(o)20.8(n)0(t)13.2(r)0(o)19.6(l)0(s)-329.5(a)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(pa)15.1(ti)22.2(en)15.1(t)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 2.6233 0 TD (')Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.2106 0 TD [(s)-451.5(b)0(r)19.6(e)0(a)14.7(t)13.9(hi)13.2(ng)-439.7(by)-445.4(me)17.7(an)20.8(s)-451.5(o)0(f)-447(a)0(n)-440.1(e)0(x)20.8(t)0(e)12.8(r)0(n)19.6(a)0(l)-442.5(m)0(e)17.7(c)0(h)15.1(a)0(n)20.8(i)0(c)12.8(a)0(l)]TJ -2.8339 -1.0584 TD [(re)19.2(pi)13.2(ra)19.2(to)18.9(r)-332.4(a)0(n)20.8(d)-330.8(en)20.8(do)15.5(tr)17.3(ac)20.4(he)15.1(al)-317.3(tu)13.2(be)20.8(,)-330.4(t)0(i)22.2(d)0(a)15.1(l)-327.5(vo)15.5(lu)18.9(me)-318.1(is)-323.8(ti)16.5(da)20.8(l)-327.5(v)0(o)15.5(l)0(-)]TJ T* [(um)18.1(e,)-314.5(ir)17.3(re)13.5(sp)20(ec)14.7(ti)16.5(ve)-314.9(of)-310.4(th)13.2(e)-319.8(h)0(o)15.5(u)0(r)70.9(.)]TJ 1.0015 -1.0527 TD [(Ou)17.3(ts)17.7(id)18.9(e)-325.5(i)13.9(nt)13.2(en)20.8(si)17.7(ve)-314.9(ca)20.4(re)-310.8(un)15.5(it)16.5(s,)-309.6(hu)15.5(ma)17.7(n)-319.4(b)0(e)20.8(i)0(n)13.2(g)0(s)-310(m)0(a)17.7(y)-319.4(so)14.4(me)17.7(-)]TJ -1.0015 -1.0584 TD [(ti)16.5(me)17.7(s)-320.6(b)0(e)-303.5(i)0(l)16.5(l)-321.8(en)20.8(ou)15.5(gh)-308.8(t)13.9(o)-319.4(ju)18.9(st)17.7(if)17.3(y)-319.4(t)0(h)18.9(e)-319.8(re)19.2(pl)18.9(ac)14.7(em)17.7(en)15.1(t)-316.1(o)0(f)-310.4(a)-314.2(fa)13.5(il)22.2(in)13.2(g)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(or)25.3(ga)20.8(n)-421.9(w)0(i)14.9(t)0(h)-413.6(a)0(n)-417.3(e)0(x)20.8(t)0(e)18.4(r)0(n)13.9(a)0(l)-414(m)0(e)17.7(c)0(h)15.1(a)0(n)20.8(i)0(c)18.4(a)0(l)-414(d)0(e)15.1(v)0(i)18.9(c)0(e)14.7(.)-421.5(Ex)17.1(am)17.7(pl)18.9(es)-412.8(of)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(su)20(ch)-314.9(de)20.8(vi)13.2(ce)20.4(s)-320.6(a)0(r)13.5(e)-319.8(ar)19.2(ti)16.5(fi)17.3(ci)18.5(al)-311.6(ki)18.9(dn)15.5(ey)15.1(s,)-309.6(or)-310.4(a)-319.8(m)0(e)17.7(c)0(h)15.1(a)0(n)15.1(i)13.9(ca)14.7(l)-321.8(h)0(e)20.8(a)0(r)13.5(t)0(.)]TJ T* [(Di)14.9(al)18.4(ys)20(is)-301(al)18.5(lo)18.9(ws)-302.6(fo)19.6(r)-309.7(e)0(x)20.8(t)0(e)18.4(n)0(d)15.5(e)0(d)-297.8(l)0(i)16.5(f)0(e)-299.4(e)0(x)20.8(p)0(e)15.1(c)0(t)18.4(a)0(n)15.1(c)0(y)83.4(,)-307.7(ye)15.1(t)-304.7(i)0(t)-296.5(i)0(s)-301(c)0(a)14.7(r)20.4(-)]TJ T* [(ri)17.3(ed)-406(ou)15.5(t)-412.9(p)0(e)15.1(r)0(i)17.3(o)0(d)15.5(i)0(c)18.4(a)0(l)18.5(l)0(y)18.9(;)-418.6(th)18.9(e)-416.6(p)0(a)15.1(t)0(i)22.2(e)0(n)15.1(t)-418.6(is)-403.4(co)15.1(nn)21.2(ec)14.7(te)18.4(d)-416.2(t)0(o)-407.9(t)0(h)18.9(e)-416.6(ar)24.9(-)]TJ 25.1977 43.4986 TD [(ti)16.5(fi)17.3(ci)12.8(al)-192.1(ki)18.9(dn)21.2(ey)-195.4(ma)17.7(ch)20.8(in)13.2(e)-200.3(a)0(p)20.8(p)0(r)13.9(o)0(x)21.2(i)0(m)15.7(a)0(t)18.4(e)0(l)18.4(y)-205.6(th)18.8(re)19.2(e)-200.3(t)0(i)16.5(m)0(e)17.7(s)-201.1(pe)15.1(r)-201.5(w)12.4(ee)14.7(k)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(fo)13.9(r)-241.4(s)0(e)19.6(v)0(e)15.1(r)0(a)19.2(l)-242.1(ho)21.2(ur)13.9(s.)-230(T)12.2(h)0(e)-235.2(r)0(e)19.2(s)0(t)-232.7(o)0(f)-230.7(t)0(h)18.9(e)-240.2(ti)16.5(me)17.7(,)-239.4(t)0(h)13.2(e)-240.2(pa)20.8(ti)16.5(en)15.1(t)13.9(s)-241(ca)14.7(n)-239.8(l)0(i)16.5(v)0(e)]TJ T* [(a)-405.2(q)0(u)15.5(i)0(t)16.5(e)-399.5(no)15.5(rm)16.5(al)-397(li)16.5(fe)-396.2(on)-394.2(th)18.9(ei)18.4(r)-406.4(o)0(w)17.3(n)0(.)-393.8(T)69.1(o)-404.8(i)13.9(nc)15.1(re)19.2(as)13.9(e)-405.2(f)0(r)18(e)0(e)-395(t)0(i)16.5(m)0(e)17.7(,)]TJ 0 -1.0641 TD [(so)14.4(me)-397.7(pa)15.1(ti)16.5(en)20.8(ts)-397.8(ar)13.5(e)-405.2(d)0(i)18.9(a)0(l)18.4(y)0(s)14.4(e)0(d)-394.6(w)0(h)17.3(i)0(l)16.5(e)-410.9(th)18.8(ey)-394.6(sl)12(ee)20.4(p,)-399.5(in)-396.6(or)19.6(de)15.1(r)-406.4(t)0(o)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(ma)12(xi)18.9(mi)15.7(ze)-423.4(th)18.9(e)-433.7(t)0(i)22.2(m)0(e)-426.2(a)0(v)15.1(a)0(i)18.4(l)0(a)18.4(b)0(l)18.9(e)-433.7(fo)19.6(r)-434.8(t)0(h)18.9(e)-433.7(pu)21.2(rs)18.4(ui)13.2(t)-429.9(o)0(f)-424.2(p)0(e)20.8(r)0(s)12.8(o)0(n)21.2(a)0(l)]TJ T* [(go)15.5(al)18.4(s)-349.1(w)0(h)17.3(i)0(l)16.5(e)-348.3(aw)16.9(ak)15.1(e.)-337.3(Re)16.1(sp)14.4(ir)17.3(at)18.5(or)19.6(y)-353.6(f)0(a)19.2(i)0(l)16.5(u)0(r)19.6(e)-348.3(is)-340.8(of)13.9(te)18.5(n)-347.9(t)0(r)17.3(e)0(a)14.7(t)0(e)18.4(d)-347.9(in)]TJ T* [(th)13.2(e)-371.1(f)0(o)13.9(l)0(l)22.2(o)0(w)11.6(i)13.9(ng)-365.7(wa)16.9(y:)-368.1(pa)20.8(ti)16.5(en)15.1(ts)-363.6(ar)13.5(e)-371.1(c)0(o)15.1(n)0(n)21.2(e)0(c)14.7(t)0(e)18.4(d)-376.3(to)-362.4(an)-366.1(ex)15.1(t)13.9(e)0(r)13.5(n)0(a)20.8(l)]TJ T* [(me)12(ch)20.8(an)15.1(ic)18.4(al)-283.2(de)20.8(vi)18.9(ce)-281.2(du)15.5(ri)17.3(ng)-280.4(sl)17.7(ee)20.4(p,)-280(th)13.2(us)-275.9(le)12.8(av)20.8(in)18.9(g)-291(t)0(h)18.8(e)0(m)-283.9(f)0(r)18(e)0(e)-281.2(o)0(f)]TJ T* [(re)13.5(sp)20(ir)17.3(at)18.5(or)14(y)-325.1(a)0(s)13.9(s)0(i)17.7(s)0(t)17.7(a)0(n)20.8(c)0(e)-321(d)0(u)15.5(r)0(i)17.3(n)0(g)-314.5(w)0(a)16.9(k)0(e)15.1(f)0(u)19.6(l)0(n)13.2(e)0(s)19.6(s)0(.)-321(H)12.4(ow)17.3(ev)15.1(er)47.7(,)-324.7(c)0(o)15.1(n)0(-)]TJ 0 -1.0641 TD [(tr)17.3(ar)13.5(y)-404.8(t)0(o)-402.3(d)0(i)18.9(a)0(l)18.4(y)0(s)14.4(i)0(s)17.7(,)-404.4(fr)18(ee)-400.7(ti)16.5(me)-403.4(w)12.4(h)0(i)13.2(l)0(e)-397(a)0(w)16.9(a)0(k)15.1(e)0(,)-399.9(i)0(s)-397.8(n)0(o)15.5(t)-407.2(th)18.9(e)-405.2(o)0(n)15.5(l)0(y)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(re)13.5(as)19.6(on)-274.7(fo)13.9(r)-281.2(u)0(s)14.4(i)0(n)18.9(g)-285.3(th)18.9(is)-278.2(ad)20.8(ap)15.1(te)18.4(d)-285.3(m)0(e)17.7(t)0(h)18.9(o)0(d)15.5(.)-284.9(It)-278.6(is)-272.6(ju)18.8(st)12(i)13.9(f)0(i)17.3(e)0(d)-280.8(b)0(y)-274.7(t)0(h)18.9(e)]TJ T* [(sp)14.4(ec)20.4(if)17.3(ic)-300.2(ef)30.6(fe)13.5(ct)18.5(s)-303.6(o)0(f)-299(s)0(l)17.7(e)0(e)20.4(p)-308.1(on)-291.7(re)13.5(sp)20(ir)17.3(at)18.5(io)18.9(n.)-297.1(P)11.4(h)0(y)15.5(s)0(i)17.7(c)0(i)18.4(a)0(n)15.1(s)-303.6(ex)15.1(pe)20.8(rt)17.3(s)]TJ T* [(in)-294.1(th)18.8(is)-295.3(t)13.9(y)0(p)15.5(e)-302.8(of)-287.7(kn)15.5(ow)17.3(le)18.4(dg)15.5(e)-297.1(a)0(r)13.5(e)-297.1(ge)15.1(ne)20.8(ra)13.5(ll)16.5(y)-296.7(f)0(a)13.5(r)-298.3(re)19.2(mo)12.4(ve)20.8(d)-302.4(f)0(r)18(o)0(m)]TJ T* [(in)13.2(te)18.4(ns)20(iv)18.9(e)-314.2(c)0(a)14.7(r)0(e)-305.1(m)0(e)17.7(d)0(i)13.2(c)0(i)18.4(n)0(e)20.8(,)-313.4(an)15.1(d)-313.8(p)0(e)20.8(r)0(t)11.6(a)0(i)18.4(n)0(,)-302.7(f)0(o)19.6(r)-315.3(th)18.8(e)-314.1(m)0(o)12.4(s)0(t)-306.7(p)0(a)20.8(r)0(t)17.3(,)-313.4(to)]TJ T* [(th)13.2(e)-331.2(d)0(o)21.2(m)0(a)17.7(i)0(n)-322.6(o)0(f)-321.8(r)0(e)13.5(s)0(p)20(i)0(r)17.3(a)0(t)18.5(o)0(r)14(y)-330.8(an)20.8(d/)13.2(or)-321.8(sl)17.7(ee)20.4(p)-330.8(m)0(e)12(d)0(i)18.9(c)0(i)18.5(n)0(e)20.8(.)-330.4(Fo)16.3(r)-332.4(t)0(h)18.9(i)0(s)]TJ T* [(ty)13.2(pe)-297.8(of)-299(sp)20(ec)20.4(ia)12.8(li)16.5(st)17.7(s,)-292.6(ti)16.5(da)15.1(l)-304.7(v)0(o)15.5(l)0(u)18.8(m)0(e)-301(a)0(t)-294.5(0)0(:)13.2(0)0(0)-297.4(m)0(a)17.7(y)-308.1(be)-297.8(qu)21.2(it)16.5(e)-308.5(d)0(i)18.9(f)0(-)]TJ 0 -1.0641 TD [(fe)13.5(re)19.2(nt)-316.9(fr)18(om)-317.7(ti)16.5(da)20.8(l)-327.5(v)0(o)21.2(l)0(u)18.8(m)0(e)-318.1(a)0(t)-317.3(1)0(2)15.5(:)13.9(00)-320.2(h.)]TJ 1.0015 -1.0471 TD [(A)-277.8(c)0(u)15.1(r)0(i)17.3(o)0(u)21.2(s)-275.1(\(b)13.9(ut)-265.7(tr)17.3(iv)18.9(ia)18.4(l\))-267.3(ob)21.2(se)13.9(rv)19.6(at)18.4(io)13.2(n)-273.9(i)0(s)-266.9(t)13.9(ha)15.1(t)-276.3(e)0(x)20.8(p)0(e)15.1(r)0(t)17.3(s)-275.1(in)-265.7(di)18.9(f-)]TJ -1.0015 -1.0584 TD [(fe)13.5(re)19.2(nt)-220.2(as)13.9(pe)20.8(ct)18.5(s)-229.6(o)0(f)-225.1(m)0(e)17.7(d)0(i)18.9(c)0(i)18.5(n)0(e)-223.9(r)0(a)19.2(r)0(e)19.2(l)0(y)-225.8(s)0(p)20(e)0(a)20.4(k)-234.1(to)-220.1(ea)20.4(ch)-223.9(ot)18.9(he)20.8(r)60.2(.)-233.7(Mo)19.3(re)]TJ 0 -1.0641 TD [(tr)17.3(ou)15.5(bl)18.9(es)13.9(om)18.1(e)-354(i)0(s)-352.2(t)0(h)18.9(e)-359.7(fa)19.2(ct)-345.7(th)13.2(at)18.4(,)-353.2(w)0(h)17.3(e)0(n)-349.1(t)0(h)13.2(e)0(y)-343.4(s)0(p)14.4(e)0(a)20.4(k)-359.3(to)-345.3(on)15.5(e)-359.7(a)0(n)20.8(-)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(ot)13.2(he)20.8(r)37.5(,)-273.5(th)13.2(ey)-263.7(ra)13.5(re)19.2(ly)-271.4(un)21.2(de)15.1(rs)18.4(ta)18.4(nd)-269(wh)17.3(at)-271.8(th)18.8(e)-280(o)0(t)18.9(h)0(e)20.8(r)-281.2(pe)20.8(rs)12.8(on)-263.3(me)12(an)20.8(s)]TJ T* [(as)-264.9(th)18.9(e)-274.3(d)0(i)18.9(s)0(c)19.6(o)0(u)15.5(r)0(s)18.4(e)-268.6(go)15.5(es)-264.9(t)13.9(h)0(r)13.9(o)0(u)21.2(g)0(h)-263.3(t)0(h)18.9(e)-274.3(va)20.8(ri)17.3(ou)15.5(s)-269.4(f)0(i)17.3(l)0(t)16.5(e)0(r)19.2(s)-275.1(im)15.7(be)20.8(dd)15.5(ed)]TJ T* [(in)-351(th)18.9(e)-359.7(b)0(r)19.6(a)0(i)18.5(n)0(.)-348.3(T)0(h)17.1(u)0(s)20(,)-358.9(it)-347.7(co)15.1(me)17.7(s)-354.8(a)0(s)-350.2(n)0(o)-348.7(s)0(u)20(r)0(p)13.9(r)0(i)17.3(s)0(e)-344.6(t)0(h)18.9(a)0(t)-351.4(i)0(n)18.9(t)0(e)18.5(n)0(s)14.3(i)0(v)18.9(e)]TJ T* [(ca)14.7(re)-208.4(an)20.8(d)-217(s)0(l)17.7(e)0(e)20.4(p)-217(sp)20(ec)14.7(ia)18.4(li)16.5(st)17.7(s)-212.5(d)0(o)-206.4(n)0(o)21.2(t)-219.4(co)20.8(mm)14.9(un)15.5(ic)18.5(at)18.5(e.)-206.4(T)12.2(h)0(i)13.2(s)-212.5(la)18.4(ck)-206.8(of)]TJ T* [(di)13.2(al)18.4(og)21.2(ue)-303.5(is)-306.7(fa)19.2(ci)12.8(li)22.2(ta)12.8(te)18.4(d)-313.8(b)0(y)-303.1(t)0(h)18.9(e)-314.2(ex)20.8(ot)13.2(ic)-300.2(na)15.1(tu)18.9(re)-305.1(of)-304.7(ea)14.7(ch)-303.5(ot)18.9(he)20.8(r)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 22.2045 0 TD (')Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.2106 0 TD (s)Tj -22.4151 -1.0584 TD [(kn)15.5(ow)17.3(le)18.4(dg)15.5(e.)-229.2(F)11.4(o)0(r)-230.7(t)13.9(he)-229.6(in)18.8(te)12.8(ns)20(iv)18.8(e)-240.2(c)0(a)20.4(r)0(e)-231.2(s)0(p)20(e)0(c)14.7(i)0(a)18.5(l)0(i)16.5(s)0(t)17.7(,)-233.7(sl)17.7(ee)14.7(p)-234.1(l)0(i)16.5(e)0(s)-230.7(o)0(u)21.2(t)0(-)]TJ 0 -1.0641 TD [(si)17.7(de)-360.4(hi)13.2(s)-366.1(f)0(i)17.3(e)0(l)18.4(d)-370.7(of)-361.6(pe)20.8(rs)18.4(on)15.5(al)-362.8(or)-355.9(pr)13.9(of)19.6(es)19.6(si)17.7(on)15.5(al)-362.8(ex)20.8(pe)15.1(ri)17.3(en)20.8(ce)14.7(.)-364.6(P)0(a)15.9(-)]TJ 0 -1.0584 TD [(ti)16.5(en)15.1(ts)-323.8(sl)12(ee)20.4(p)-336.5(v)0(e)20.8(r)0(y)-327.5(b)0(a)15.1(d)0(l)18.9(y)-336.5(in)-328.3(th)18.9(e)-336.9(i)0(n)18.8(t)0(e)18.4(n)0(s)14.3(i)0(v)18.9(e)-336.9(ca)14.7(re)-322.2(un)15.5(it)16.5(,)-336.1(w)0(i)14.9(t)13.9(h)-336.5(i)0(t)16.5(s)]TJ T* 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[(or)-299(hy)-7.2(poxia,)-302.9(the)-301(venti)-9(latory)-307.2(response)-306.8(to)-299.8(added)-306.2(inspirat)-10.7(ory)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(loads)-377.7(and,)-373(amongst)-376.6(others,)-374.7(the)-375(arousa)-8.2(l)-367.3(thres)-9.4(hold.)-370(The)-6.8(se)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(can)-276.2(contribut)-10.3(e)-268.6(t)0(o)-277.1(the)-272.5(persi)-9.4(stency)-276.4(or)-270.6(wor)-7.8(sening)-276(of)-270.6(respi)-9.4(ra-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(tory)-291.6(failure)-292.9([5\2618].)-286.2(W)-7.6(hen)-287.2(patients)-294.1(are)-283.5(sleep)-8.2(-depri)-10.6(ved)-287.2(\(this)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(means)-612.2(absence)-611.3(of)-606.3(sleep)-611.4(as)-612(well)-609.7(as)-606.3(prolo)-7.8(nged)-606.7(sleep)]TJ T* [(disrup)-9.7(tion\),)-511.3(wakefulne)-10.3(ss)-510.4(itself)-515.7(becomes)-511.7(unsta)-7.8(ble,)-511.9(with)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(episo)-7.8(des)-510.3(of)-515.3(sleep)-514.7(intersper)-11.1(sed)-510.3(wi)-7.8(th)-510.4(a)-507.6(few)-514.7(seconds)-520.7(of)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(wake)-7.8(fulness.)-376.7(In)-367.3(analog)-7.8(y)-365(t)0(o)-373.8(the)-369.3(short)-373.2(arousa)-8.2(ls)-369.3(typical)-377.5(of)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(sleep)-526(apnoea)-523.6(or)-521(perio)-8.2(dic)-517.2(leg)-522.9(movem)-10.5(ent,)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 17.6919 0 TD (i.e.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.7242 0 TD [(mic)-8.2(roar-)]TJ -19.4162 -1.0528 TD [(ousal)-7.8(s,)-303.9(the)-312.4(short)-310.6(episo)-7.8(des)-311.2(of)-310.4(sleep,)-310.2(inte)-8.2(rrupting)-315.7(wakeful-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(ness,)-484.2(are)-482.7(sometim)-12.3(es)-475.4(term)-10.6(ed)-479.9(microsl)-10.7(eep)-481.1([9].)-483.9(In)-481.1(such)-482.7(a)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(situati)-10.8(on,)-252.3(ventilat)-10.7(ion)-255.1(becom)-7.8(es)-253.5(unstable,)-257.9(waxi)-9.8(ng)-251.9(and)-253.1(wan-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(ing)-238(as)-236.4(the)-238.4(subje)-7.8(ct)-237.6(enter)-8.6(s)-235.3(microsl)-10.7(eep)-236.4(and)-236(then)-239.2(recover)-9.7(s)-235.3(full)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(wake)-7.8(fulness.)-371(The)-371(use)-368.1(of)-367.3(n)-6.5(IPPV)-371.2(can)-367.3(lead)-370.4(to)-368.1(all)-371.7(of)-367.3(these)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(consequ)-7.3(ences.)]TJ 1.0015 -1.0528 TD [(Th)17.1(e)-428(g)0(o)15.5(o)0(d)-416.9(n)0(e)15.1(w)0(s)-422.1(i)0(s)-420.5(t)0(h)18.9(a)0(t)-419.7(t)0(h)13.2(e)-428(ga)20.8(p)-433.3(m)0(a)17.7(y)-427.6(be)-423(be)20.8(gi)13.2(nn)21.2(in)18.9(g)-433.3(t)0(o)]TJ -1.0015 -1.0527 TD [(cl)18.4(os)14.4(e.)-325.9(In)-333.2(th)18.9(is)-329.5(is)17.7(su)20(e)-342.6(o)0(f)-327.5(t)0(h)13.2(e)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 10.4251 0 TD [(Eu)17.1(r)43.6(o)0(p)15.5(e)0(a)15.1(n)-336.5(Re)16.7(sp)20(ir)17.7(at)18.9(or)14.4(y)-336.9(J)0(o)15.1(u)0(r)20(n)0(a)15.5(l)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 12.1266 0 TD (,)Tj -22.5516 -1.0471 TD (T)Tj 6.974 0 0 6.974 64.233 363.628 Tm 0.0001 Tc [(ES)18(CH)18.4(LE)21.3(R)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.963 0 0 9.963 97.512 363.628 Tm 0 Tc [(et)-283.1(al)18.9(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.2762 0 TD [([1)19.6(0])-293.3(presen)-8.2(t)-293.4(very)-301(inte)-8.2(resting)-303.5(and)-298.6(compe)-7.8(l-)]TJ -6.2141 -1.0527 TD [(ling)-246.8(data.)-239.9(The)-6.8(y)-239.8(studied)-245(a)-245.9(number)-243(of)-242.1(pati)-8.2(ents)-246(on)-240.5(long-term)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(\(up)-578.6(to)-578.7(1)27.7(1)-575.5(mont)-8.6(hs\))-579.8(home)-581.3(mecha)-8.2(nical)-578.4(venti)-9(lation)-581.2(that)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(compl)-9.7(ained)-257.4(of)-253.5(mouth)-259.7(leaks)-258.6(durin)-7.8(g)-251.2(sleep)-8.2(.)-250.8(They)-258(found)-255.8(that)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(ventilat)-10.7(ory)-442.1(assistanc)-10.7(e)-439.3(was)-446(very)-443.2(poor)-442.8(durin)-7.8(g)-438.9(perio)-8.2(ds)-440.9(of)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(leakag)-8.2(e,)-291.8(and)-298.6(also)-291.6(found)-301.3(that)-292.7(sleep)-298.4(was)-298(of)-293.3(very)-295.3(p)-6.5(oor)-294.1(qua-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(lity)58.1(,)-455.6(with)-461.3(excess)-8.2(ive)-460.3(sleep)-463.4(disruption)-467.1(by)-456.8(short)-458.5(arousa)-8.2(ls.)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(When)-294.8(mout)-8.6(h)-291(leaks)-298.4(wer)-8.2(e)-291.4(abolished)-303.8(\(with)-298.6(a)-291.4(quite)-299.2(efficient)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(though)-490.7(prim)-10.2(itive)-489.4(met)-8.2(hod:)-489.1(patients)-493.2(wer)-8.2(e)-484.9(gagged)-11.1(\),)-486.4(both)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(sleep)-264.3(and)-264.5(venti)-9(latory)-267.4(improved,)-270.1(and)-264.5(nIPPV)-263.8(bec)-8.8(ame)-262.3(more)]TJ T* [(efficient.)-246.4(T)]TJ 6.974 0 0 6.974 101.764 258.973 Tm 0.0001 Tc [(ESCHL)-9.9(ER)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.963 0 0 9.963 135.042 258.973 Tm 0 Tc [(et)-243.3(al.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.2136 0 TD [([10])-250.9(found)-244.4(that)-247.2(large)-241.9(leaks)-247.2(could)]TJ -9.9186 -1.0471 TD [(be)-212.5(o)-6.5(bserved,)-219.9(without)-221.3(obviou)-7(s)-212.5(openin)-7.4(g)-211.3(o)0(f)-219.4(the)-215.6(mouth,)-220.3(as)-213.7(air)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(escaped)-264.2(throu)-7.8(gh)-251.9(a)-257.2(corner)-264.7(of)-259.2(the)-255.5(apparen)-8.2(tly)-263.1(closed)-259.3(mout)-8.6(h.)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(It)-358.3(is)-352.2(unfort)-10.1(unate)-359.8(that)-355.3(the)-357.9(author)-9(s)-354.8(d)0(o)-354.3(not)-357.5(mention)-360.8(the)-357.9(re-)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(lationsh)-9.2(ip)-334(between)-337.2(leaks)-338.2(and)-332.7(arousa)-8.2(ls.)-335.5(They)-331.9(provi)-7.8(de)-332(the)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(informat)-11.9(ion)-357.5(that)-355.3(the)-357.9(arousa)-8.2(l)-350.3(index)-359.4(was)-360.6(excessivel)-10.7(y)-353.6(high)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(durin)-7.8(g)-336.5(the)-335.1(contr)-8.2(ol)-334(night)-8.6(,)-336.1(and)-332.8(was)-343.6(reduced)-343.9(by)-331.6(more)-343.9(than)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(half)-235.1(with)-233.7(mouth)-231.3(closu)-7.8(re.)-231.5(It)-227.4(woul)-9.4(d)-228.4(have)-231.5(been)-231.5(inte)-8.2(resting)-235.2(to)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(know)-416.7(whet)-9.8(her)-419.7(arousals)-423(were)-419.1(due)-418.1(to)-413.6(leaks)-8.2(,)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 17.9821 0 TD (i.e.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6218 0 TD [(whet)-9.8(her)]TJ -19.6039 -1.0471 TD [(they)-273.3(wer)-8.2(e)-268.6(more)-281.3(prevalent)-281.9(during)-276(perio)-8.2(ds)-270.2(with)-279.2(lar)10.4(ge)-275.1(leaks)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(than)-426.9(durin)-7.8(g)-421.9(perio)-8.2(ds)-423.8(with)-427.2(less)-429.3(or)-424.2(no)-422.6(leaks)-8.2(.)-421.5(Simi)-10.2(larly)57.7(,)-421.5(i)0(t)]TJ T* [(would)-516.6(have)-521.7(been)-516(interest)-11.1(ing)-511.1(to)-516.1(know)-519.1(whether)-520.5(durin)-7.8(g)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(large)-264.7(leaks)-270(effective)-272.5(ventilat)-10.7(ion)-266.4(\(the)-274.9(ventilat)-10.7(ion)-266.4(effective-)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(ly)-499(reaching)-500.7(the)-500.2(lungs\))-499.1(decreas)-9.7(ed,)-497.4(or)-492.5(dropped)-502.4(to)-499(zero.)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(Since)-290.7(they)-290.4(measured)-292.1(ribca)-8.6(ge)-286.5(and)-287.2(abdom)-7.4(inal)-292.7(movement)-9.9(s,)]TJ 25.1977 66.1583 TD [(this)-276.5(informat)-11.9(ion)-266.4(was)-275.3(available)-277.4(from)-276.8(their)-272.3(record)-8.6(ings.)-274.5(Gas)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(deli)-8.2(vered)-433(from)-441.9(the)-431.9(ventilat)-10.7(or)-429.9(can)-435.6(follow)-436(severa)-8.6(l)-435.6(routes)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(durin)-7.8(g)-416.2(nIPPV)66.2(:)-412.9(1)0(\))-412.8(i)0(t)-416(can)-418.5(leak)-416(betw)-9.8(een)-412.8(the)-414.8(skin)-422(and)-412.4(the)]TJ T* [(mask)-7.8(;)-304.7(2)0(\))-310.4(i)0(t)-307.9(can)-304.7(leak)-307.8(throu)-7.8(gh)-308.8(the)-306.7(mouth,)-311.3(flowin)-9.2(g)-302.4(throu)-7.8(gh)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(the)-357.9(verol)-8.2(ingual)-356.9(sphin)-7.4(cter)26.3(,)-353.2(the)-357.9(virtual)-361.6(oral)-360.2(cavity)-357.3(and)-355.5(the)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(lips)-9(;)-424.2(3)0(\))-429.9(i)0(t)-427.4(can)-429.9("leak")-429.1(into)-428.9(the)-431.9(pharynx)-7.3(,)-427.2(pushin)-8.1(g)-421.9(out)-431.5(its)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(compl)-9.7(iant)-344(walls)-344.2(and)-338.4(rema)-8.6(ining)-338.6(there)-344.3([1)31(1)-6.5(])0(;)-335.6(4)0(\))-338.9(i)0(t)-342(can)-338.8(leak)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(into)-337.9(the)-340.8(digestiv)-9.2(e)-331.2(tract)-11(,)-330.4(throu)-7.8(gh)-337.3(the)-335.1(weak)-337.8(superi)-10.1(or)-333.2(oeso-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(pha)-8.4(geal)-307.8(sphincter;)-314.3(and)-304.3(final)-10.6(ly)64.4(,)-307.7(5)0(\))-304.7(i)0(t)-302.2(c)0(a)-8(n)-302.4(flow)-306.9(throu)-7.8(gh)-303.1(the)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(glot)-7.8(tis)-230.2(into)-235.4(the)-232.7(respi)-9.4(ratory)-232.5(tract)-11(,)-228(the)-232.7(only)-233.1(useful)-237.8(route.)-236.2(The)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(glot)-7.8(tis)-469.2(is)-466(an)-468.6(essential)-472.8(stru)-8.2(cture)-469.5(in)-464.8(nIPPV)117.4(,)-467(since,)-469.5(in)-464.8(re-)]TJ 0 -1.0528 TD [(sponse)-382.9(to)-373.8(assi)-8.2(sted)-376.9(ventilat)-10.7(ion)-374.6(with)-381.6(positive)-384.7(pressures,)-384.7(it)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(can)-247.8(substanti)-11.1(ally)-247.2(narrow)-245.4(and)-247.4(even,)-243.2(compl)-9.7(etely)-242.7(close)-8.2(,)-239.4(thus)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(incre)-8.6(asing)-275.2(the)-266.8(risk)-8.2(s)-263.7(o)0(f)-270.6(leaks)-8.2(,)-267.8(decreas)-9.7(ing)-266.4(the)-272.5(usefuln)-10.9(ess)-266.8(of)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(nIP)-8.8(PV)-255.1(and)-361.2(impairin)-12.7(g)-353.6(sleep)-366.7(quality)-365.7([12,)-362.8(13].)-362.8(It)-358.3(has)-362.4(been)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(show)-8.2(n)-308.1(that)-315.5(changin)-8.5(g)-308.1(the)-312.4(delivered)-316(tida)-8.2(l)-304.7(volum)-9.3(e,)-308.8(inspira-)]TJ T* [(tory)-268.8(flow)-261.3(and)-264.5(ventilat)-10.7(ory)-260(freque)-8.6(ncy)59.9(,)-262.2(o)0(r)-259.2(the)-261.2(posit)-9.8(ive)-261.2(inspi-)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(rator)-9.8(y)-387.7(press)-8.2(ure)-396.9(\(as)-392.4(well)-393.4(as)-395.8(manipulat)-12.3(ing)-391.6(the)-392(venti)-9(latory)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(mode\))-9(,)-222.3(can)-225(infl)-9.4(uence)-227(the)-227(glottic)-231.5(respon)-7.8(se)-225.1(and)-224.6(improve)-229.1(the)]TJ 0 -1.0471 TD [(ven)-8.4(tilation)-496.4(effectively)-492.7(reachi)-9.8(ng)-490.9(the)-494.5(lungs)-496.8(during)-492.3(sleep)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [([14,)-385.5(15].)-379.8(T)]TJ 6.974 0 0 6.974 354.274 562.394 Tm 0.0001 Tc [(ESCHL)-9.9(ER)]TJ /F7 1 Tf 9.963 0 0 9.963 388.857 562.394 Tm 0 Tc [(et)-379.9(al.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.4868 0 TD [([10])-381.8(attr)-9.8(ibuted)-379.6(the)-380.7(decreas)-9.8(e)-376.7(i)0(n)]TJ -10.4706 -1.0471 TD [(ven)-8.4(tilation)-342.8(and)-338.4(the)-340.8(poor)-340.4(sleep)-343.9(quality)-342.9(to)-334(the)-340.8(presen)-8.2(ce)-338.1(of)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD [(leaks)-491.9(\()]TJ /F7 1 Tf 2.8453 0 TD (i.e.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6958 0 TD [(once)-487.6(a)-484.9(leak)-489.9(appears)-9.3(,)-484.1(ventilat)-10.7(ion)-482.7(decreas)-9.8(es\).)]TJ -4.5411 -1.0471 TD [(Indeed,)-252.1(they)-250.5(include)-249.9(a)-240.2(study)-252.1(in)-242.9(norm)-7.8(al)-243.3(subje)-7.8(cts)-245.3(and)-247.4(a)-240.2(ma-)]TJ 0 -1.0527 TD 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